Bone Grafts Research Paper

Over the years, advancements in healthcare have provided patients with an increased quality of life. Procedures such as kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty have provided such improvements with their introduction in healthcare only a few decades ago. There are several million people worldwide diagnosed with osteoporosis who suffer from vertebral compression fractures who now have the option to undergo one of these two minimally invasive procedures in order to experience immediate pain relief after conservative measures have failed.

In a few minutes I will introduce you to one of the most advanced device ‘Hyperelastic bone’. With the hope that one day in the future there will be no more organ rejections or endless list of organs transplants.

Our bone grafting procedure is designed to help build up the bone to a level adequate for dental implant placement. This means literally adding material to your jawbone in order to add thickness and stability. This new material will fuse with your existing bone to create a the necessary foundation for a dental

Bones are dynamic tissues that undergo changes need to maintain bone and calcium homeostasis through a process called bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is an essential process that repairs damaged bone and maintains mineral homeostasis. This process is regulated by two main cells that perform opposite, but complementary function. Osteoblasts are the main bone forming cells that originate from mesenchymal stem cell lineage. Osteoblasts produce bone matrix which they later mineralized to form bone. During the process of bone formation, matured osteoblasts usually get trapped in the bone matrix and become osteocytes. Osteoclasts on the other hand, are the main bone resorbing cells; they resorb bone producing proteolytic enzyme and acid. In response

In recent years, advancements in the field of tissue engineering coupled with a growing demand from orthopedic medicine has led to the interlacing of these fields. This is most evident in the area of development or betterment of orthopedic implants. The needs and uses for orthopedic implants vary, but generally these implants are designed to replace, repair, or support a damaged bone or joint, or to fix a deformation. Specifically when developing a device to fix a medical bone issue, tissue engineering plays a crucial role. Because the implant will be going inside the body, a main area of concern is the biological characteristics of the material used, and how these will affect the compatibility between the implant and body. There has been various studies conducted that show a correlation between the biocompatibility of a material and osteoblast induction. Therefore, when engineering a material it is imperative to maximize the biocompatibility in order to induce osteoblast production, ultimately healing the damaged bone. This review

Haller (1763) injected a clear fluid into the periosteum showing that “the origin of bone is the artery carrying the blood and in it the mineral elements” putting forward the idea that the cardiovascular system was responsible for bone formation. This was supported by the previous work of Hunter (1754)

Bone Graft – Adds bone mass to areas that need reinforcement to support successful dental implants.

Standard approaches widely used in clinical practice to stimulate or augment bone regeneration include distraction osteogenesis and bone transport [6,7], and the use of a number of different bone-grafting methods, such as autologous bone grafts, allografts, and bone-graft substitutes or growth factors [8,9]. An alternative method for bone regeneration and reconstruction of long-bone defects is a two-stage procedure, known as the Masquelet technique. It is based on the concept of a "biological" membrane, which is induced after application of a cement spacer at the first stage and acts as a 'chamber' for the insertion of non-vascularised autograft at the second stage [10]. There are even non-invasive methods of biophysical stimulation, such as low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) and pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) [11-13], which are used as adjuncts to enhance bone

Removing the titanium proved to be problematic as he found the bone had completely integrated in the implant making it unremovable without causing fracture to the rabbit’s bone. Brånemark then realized the usefulness of titanium implants in humans. Osseointegration made it’s way into the dental field and the first human to receive dental implants was in 1965. The work of Per-Ingvar Brånemark was not widely accepted, in fact, his work was often disregarded by other researchers and scientists. Thirty years were spent by Brånemark fighting to have osseointegration taken seriously. The scientific community finally accepted his concepts with help from a Canadian prosthodontist, George Zarb in 1983. Finally, Brånemark’s work was noticed and he is now known as the “father of modern dental implantology”. Even though it was at first thought to be a ridiculous idea, the usage of titanium implants and the discovery of osseointegration has proven to be valuable in medical

Tissue transplantation is the second-most common procedure after blood with over 2.2 million bone graft procedures conducted worldwide annually in the realms of orthopedics and dentistry. Surgical reconstruction, transplantation (autografts and allografts), drug therapy, artificial prostheses and medical devices are the current clinical treatment options for various tissue related disorders including bone tissue [63]. These treatment options have disadvantages such as severe pain, risk of infections, hematoma, immune rejection, donor site morbidity, transmission of viral (HIV, hepatitis-B) and prion proteins [64=135]. However, relatively few orthopedic biomaterials designed with bio-responsive characteristics have been translated into clinical

Infection can gradually wear away the connection to the point where the bone is no longer in contact with the stapes bone. This is called ossicular discontinuity. Reconstruction of this type of ossicular discontinuity can be performed at the time of tympanoplasty surgery through several options. If the gap is small, it can be bridged by inserting a small piece of bone or cartilage taken from the patient at another site (septum cartilage)4. If there is a larger gap, then the incus bone is removed and modelled into a tooth-like prosthesis, using the operating microscope. This is then reinserted between the stapes and the malleus in order to re-establish continuity of the ossicular

15The use of bone substitute, such as bovine bone mineral, has been reported to stabilize the bone clot to preserve the alveolar ridge, thereby maintaining the volume at the site and stimultaneously serving as an osteoconductive guide rail to facilitate continued bone formation.-12-17

Bone arrangement is a vital procedure in the improvement of the human body. It begins amid the improvement of the hatchling, and proceeds all through youth and immaturity as the skeleton develops. Bone redesigning in the mean time is a long lasting procedure, comprising of resorption (the separating of old bone) and hardening (arrangement of new bone), and is vital to molding the skeleton and to the repair of bone

The biological process of osseointegration following the creation of an osteotomy site includes blood clot formation and the release of growth factors (BMP’s, VEGF etc.); this is followed by new blood vessel formation (Angiogenesis). The presence of a fibrin scaffold between the osteotomy site and the surface of the implant serves as a transition between the bone marrow (where the osteoprogenitor cells are located) and the surface of the implant, which is a very important factor in the migration of osteoprogenitor cells into the bone-implant interface zone. When the cells get there, they begin the deposition of lamellar bone and then the formation of a more mature bone on the surface of the implant to achieve a good osseointegration. The reason

The skeletal system can be described as the infrastructure of the human body, providing the framework the offers protection and support as well as attachment sites for the tendons and muscles that are necessary for locomotion. There are 206 bones that make up the human skeletal system and each one is developed through a process called ossification. Bone development and remodeling takes place on a continual basis from the pre natal period to early child hood into adulthood. As well as during the healing process that takes place following a bone fracture or break. There are two main types of ossification, one that happens in the formation of flat bones like in the ribs and skull called intramembranous ossification. The other type, which this review will focus on, is