Bone Marrow Infection

Patients who underwent this procedure had to remain on immunosuppressive drugs for about 6 months to prevent the recipient’s immune system from destroying the donor cell. One out of seven patients that had this procedure done had a relapse because they stopped taking their immunosuppressant drug during the critical stage of treatment. This treatment has proven successful, but there still remains the concern of tissue rejection and other complication. Nevertheless, this approach still provides encouragement for people suffering with the disease.

Describe how and why both types of adaptive immunity can cause problems with organ transplantation.

Feedback: The use of cyclosporine to protect the patient from rejection of the heart places the patient in an immunosuppressive state. The nurse should instruct on frequent

Immunosuppressants are a class of drugs that suppress, or reduce, the strength of the body’s immune system. Some of these drugs are used to make the body less likely to reject a transplanted organ. Other immunosuppressant drugs are often used to treat autoimmune disorders. With an autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks the body’s own tissue. Because immunosuppressant drugs weaken the immune system, they weaken this reaction. It helps reduce the impact on the body. Almost everyone who receives an organ transplant must take immunosuppressant drugs. This is because your immune system sees a transplanted organ as a threat. As a result your immune system attacks the organ as it would attack anything else. This can cause severe damage and lead to needing the organ removed. The drugs allow the transplanted organ to remain healthy and free from major damage. If you’re an organ recipient, even the slightest change from the medication regimen can trigger an organ rejection. All immunosuppressant drugs carry the serious risk of infection. It also means that any infections get will be harder to treat. (Immunosuppressant drugs,

Many pathological conditions can be treated through the use of allogeneic transplants. An allogeneic transplant is when cells, tissues, or organs from a donor are placed into a recipient that is genetically different. Because the donor and recipient are not identical, it is possible for the graft to reject, which when there is an immune response against the graft. It is also possible for a more serious complication to occur, known as Graft-versus-host disease. Graft-versus-host disease typically occurs in cases of bone marrow or stem cell transplants, but it can also occur in other cases as well. In this condition, immune cells in the grafted tissue recognize the host body cells as foreign, and attack them. Normally, immune cells do not attack their own body cells due to cell proteins called human leukocyte antigens (HLA). Every person has a different HLA pattern, which makes allogeneic transplants more difficult. For a transplant to be successful,

Immunosuppressive therapy is a treatment used to reduce or lower the activities of the body immune system. Especially to keep a person from rejecting an organ and bone marrow transplant. It may also be used in “the treatment of conditions which the immune system is overactive for, such as autoimmune disease and allergies.” (NCI) Furthermore, according to the national cancer institute, some types of immunosuppressive therapy may increase a person’s risk of cancer by lowering the body’s ability to kill cancer cells.

In modern medicine, we have the ability to transplant organs from one person to another, with the hopes that this will greatly improve the length and quality of life for the patient receiving the transplant. Ten years ago, there were 53,167 people on the transplant list. By the beginning of 2015, the list increased to over 123,000 people waiting for that miracle call stating that they found a match and the transplant can now happen. One reason for the increase in people on the list is that people in the age group between 50-70 years old are now considered to be viable candidates for transplant due to medical advances. However, by December, 2014, twenty-one people were dying each day while waiting for a transplant. (Benjamin Samstein,

Anemia is a condition that develops when a person has fewer blood cells, or hemoglobin than a normal person. Hemoglobin binds to oxygen, and is a main part of red blood cells. If a person’s hemoglobin is low, that means that the cells in the body are not getting enough oxygen. For example, one may feel exhausted because his or her organs are not getting what they need to function normally.

A mother of a healthy 7 year old boy notices he is pallor and has small hemorrhages (petachiae) on his limbs. After completing a physical examination, Steven’s pediatrician requested a blood panel to be on the safe side and it showed that he was extremely anemic. His hemoglobin and platelet count was well below the average and in addition his white blood count was not at the recommended level for his age. A referral to a Hematology specialist resulted in a bone marrow biopsy, which concluded in a diagnosis of Aplastic anemia. Unfortunately Steven’s bone marrow was not making the cells and precursors he needed to generate mature blood cells or what is a complete process of hematopoiesis. The best option Steven had was an allogeneic bone marrow

What is granulocytopenia (pronounced grăn’-yǝ-lō-sī’-tə-pē’-nē-ə)? Is a hematological disorder. It is defined as a condition where there is an abnormally low number of white blood cells, referred to as granulocytes. Under a microscope, these white blood cells, or granulocytes, appear to be covered with granules.

After the transplant, both the patient and donor embark on long roads to recovery depending on the transplant performed. In general, if the surgery goes well, the patient still must face the possibility of rejection (where the body fights off the newly implanted organ). Rejection is harmful to transplant success because the body fights off the new organ by making proteins called antibodies that go to the new organ and try to kill it. In order to hold back the antibodies that threaten the new organ, transplant patients have to take power immunosuppressant drugs to keep the level of antibodies down low enough for the organ to integrate into the body and start working [22].

Immunosuppression – It’s more seen in people who have undergone organ transplants or people infected with HIV (12 cases of MCC/100,000 people/year) [16-19].

Most hematologic diseases and surgery complications related to blood can be detected through the complete blood count (CBC). WBC with or without differentials, RBC, Hct, Hgb, and platelet counts are usually included in the CBC. It is critical for a nurse to know how to interpret the lab values to indicate complications but still prevent overreaction to mild abnormalities toward each patient without clinical correlates. The “normal” values related to

On the other hand, hyperacute rejection demonstrates a significant effect in pediatric heart transplant patients. As this rejection occur graft tissues are protected with the use of a triple-drug immunosuppression regimen. These drugs calcineurin inhibitor, antiproliferative agent, and corticosteroid are used to prevent allograft rejection by suppressing the immune system at multiple different levels.3 However, induction therapy are strategized with anti-T cell antibodies whereby additional rejection prophylasis immediately follow. And these antibodies enhance immunosuppression as T-cell pool or blocking interleukin-2 receptors are depleted on activated T cells.3

“Older donor organs also have been associated with inferior long-term outcomes, for examples increased risk of graft loss” (Abecassis et al., 2012, p.2614). Hence, if an elderly patient with a chronic condition receives an organ transplant, their immune system could become compromised, affecting infectious, metabolic, and cardiovascular outcomes (Abecassis et al., 2012). Since elderly patients with a life-threatening chronic conditions may live with comorbidities, it is likely that they are taking multiple medications to manage their symptoms (Abecassis et al., 2012).