Borrelia Burgdorferi Essay

In Europe 500 AD - 1500 AD there were horrific Crusades and wars, the terrifying silent killer, and awful laws that all led to Europe's the dark age.War broke out in Jerusalem, and no one was safe. As Jerusalem was struggling to keep power from the Muslimś, Pope Urban ii had ask the Christianś to come from Western Europe and fight for them.The Christians agreed to the Popeś asking and started to flee to Jerusalem and with good intentions.If they died they had been promised to go to heaven, so no one held back.¨The unbelievers blood should fill the streets people and families.”Source: Raymond d'Aguilers, “The Siege and Capture of Jerusalem,” exact date unknown”.This quote explains how the Christians were unstoppable and did not hold back.While trading and communication evolved the Bubonic Plague, the silent killer, was also evolving.

In Medieval Europe there was feudalism and the groups of the people. The first group was the king, who powered over everyone. Second ones are the nobles , who were people that were very special because the king gave them land. The second to last were the knights, who fought all the time to protect everyone. Finally, the serfs were the people who cleaned and cropped food. Historians consider the breakout of the bubonic plague a watershed moment in history because a lot of people died and the peasants gained a lot of money after the plague.

In a time of political failure, economic disintegration, and constant religious disagreement, Europe was already entering the Dark Ages. Then, in the 14th century, the Black Death struck. A disease transmitted through infected flea carrying rats, the Bubonic Plague was devastating to European society not only because it was highly contagious and very lethal, but also because it had unknown origins.

The Bubonic Plague, also known as the Black Death. No one ever knew exactly how many died, just that there were too many to keep track of. The plague was caused by a bacterium called Yersinia Pestis, originally dwelling in the soil it spread to the burrowing rodents. Fleas which clung to the rodents leeched out their bacteria infected blood, thus transferring the host of the bacteria to the flea. The fleas would then proceed to bite a human, giving them the bacteria of the dreaded plague (Doc E). Even today we do not know exactly where the plague originated from. What we do know is that the plague entered Europe through Italian merchants from the city of Caffa(Kaffa). The Italian merchants were there and also the local Mongols of the area, they

Why was the Bubonic Plague (Black Death) so Devastating to European Society? The Bubonic Plague, otherwise known as the Black Death, was a huge epidemic in the mid-1300s. It killed off about 20 million Europeans within 1348 and 1351and was thought to originate from China and move westwards through means of infected fleas and rats through shipping and trade (Document 1).

The Bubonic plague was incredibly devastating during the medieval times. Lots of people lost their families to this horrible disease. It was very difficult to live during that time knowing that you were probably going to die too, or that you would have to suffer through the death of friends and relatives. There wasn't really anything that you could to prevent yourself from catching the plague, people had no hope or faith that things would get better, they thought it

The Bubonic Plague was an epidemic which tore through a developing and growing Europe. The lasting impact included the onset of the Dark Ages. The reasons why the Bubonic Plague was so devastating to European society include low sanitation quality, the continuing decline of public morale and the overall large number of lives lost. Each individual factor continued to depress the city allowing the plague to take complete advantage.

75 to 200 million people died from the Bubonic Plague it was estimated about 2\3 of the European population died. Bubonic Plague hurts the Immune system by attacking an invading it. The only way to stop the Bubonic plague is by antibiotics and prescription drugs that destroy the virus. If not treated it will enter the bloodstream and attacks the lungs. Which could give the body Pneumonic plague which is deadly and the Pneumonic plague will give people hepatitis which will give the body fatigue and muscle weakness. The cells in the body system fights off bad pathogens. It keeps the body from getting infected with viruses and diseases like the flu. The Bubonic plague entered the Immune System by changing it form to disguise itself so it will let it in when it is in the Immune System. It attacks by shutting it down and kills cells inside. So the body cannot fight it off. Then it enters the bloodstream and without the immune system it cannot be stopped because the immune system fights off the virus. And without it fighting off viruses the body is prone to any diseases and viruses like the t cell which keeps the flu virus away from the body. And the Bubonic plague kills the t cell which now it is prone to the flu. And it also attacks the b cell which makes antibodies which helps the body become healthier and safer.

When Bubonic Plague visited England in 1348, it was called the Great Mortality. We know it as the Black Death that lasted until 1352 and killed vast populations in Asia , North Africa , Europe , Iceland , and Greenland . In total, it extinguished as much as fifty percent of the world's population.

Lyme borreliosis or Lyme disease can be devastating both physically and mentally for victims. The disease is transmitted by a vector, specifically a tick, which infects their host by biting and infecting them with pathological spirochete bacteria known as Borrelia burgdorferi (Muschart & Blommaert, 2015). There are several species of Borrelia globally, and as a group, the bacteria are referred to as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Pearson, 2015). The disease originated from, Lyme Connecticut, of which it was named, after a patient was mistakenly diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis when the cause of their disease was B. burgdorferi or Lyme disease (Snow, 2013). Lyme disease is classified as one of the most common and growing vector-born disease in the United States as well as Europe (Snow, 2013). Understanding how Lyme disease progresses through the body as well as the disease’s signs and symptoms are essential to understanding how to treat the disease and stop it from spreading throughout the body with destructive results. With a disease as potentially devastating as Lyme disease, early treatment is required for a better outcome (Pearson, 2015). This research paper will discuss the pathophysiology of three Lyme conditions known as Lyme arthritis, Lyme neuroborreliosis, and Lyme carditis and provide an overview of the signs and symptoms of Lyme disease and treatments, and how to prevent infection.

This new vaccine would drastically change the way people battle against infections and reduce the number of people that get sick. Even in the 1950’s vaccines were already making an impact on society.

Bubonic plague is an infectious disease that is spread by the bacteria Yersinia pestis. These bacteria remain in a dormant state primarily in a rat flea’s foregut. Once the flea has bitten a victim it regurgitates the contents in its foregut into the bite location. Once the bacterium has entered into a mammal’s warm body it begins to reproduce and spread throughout the mammal’s body. The reproduction of this bacterium creates large painful swollen lymph nodes which are called buboes. Once these buboes get large enough they begin to ooze infected body fluid so that any contact between an infected person and a healthy person will facilitate the spread of this disease. (The Mayo Clinic Staff, 2012)

Shen, K. A, Mead, S. P, and Beard, B. C. 2011. The Lyme Disease Vaccine- A Public Health Perspective. Oxford University Press. Volume 52: s247-s251.

The exact mechanism of this is unknown however there have been several hypotheses. B. burgdorferi has been shown to have the ability to form cyst-like forms, almost entering latency, in which they can hide from the immune response as well as evade antibiotic treatment (Brorson & Brorson, 1997). In their study, Gruntar et al. (2001) found that Borrelia garinii are particularly resilient as they can return to its motile state even after freeze then thawing the cysts. Another theory states that the inflammatory response may cause permanent damage to neurons therefore causing symptoms of pain, fatigue and malaise months after initial infection (Hildenbrand et al.,

The variable membrane proteins of B. recurrentis are key virulence factors. Further understanding of these proteins may aid in the development of new therapeutic approaches for these debilitating inflammatory conditions.