Borrowings Words Research Paper

Robert MacNeil, a writer of many great historical articles, was once, a journalist and news anchor. In his article, “English Belongs to Everybody”, MacNeil responds to the fear of many Americans who believe that Spanish will soon sweep over English. He argues that English can not be diluted by any other language as “it has prospered and grown because it was able to accept and absorb changes,”

“The History of the English Language”. http://www.uni-due.de/SHE/. Univ. of Duisburg Essen. April 2013. Web 4 Oct. 2013.

English 102 is a college level of reading and writing course based on the theme monster. When I started the class, I thought monsters as scary creature in the books and movies. As I progressed in English 102, I found out monsters is more than what I though t is. Monsters can represent the fear of people and society, a problem in a society, something that is keep coming back and coming back(Such as financial crisis), natural hazard and danger. It also can serve as a warning; so, people avoid the same mistakes.

In more modern times the interaction of English speakers with other languages, through first colonialism, and later the emergence of English as a global language has enriched the vocabulary (‘pyjama’) and led to the evolution of different versions of English around the world, for example the hybrid ‘Singlish’ that has emerged in Singapore.

Auty, Robert, and Dimitri Obolensky. 1976. "An Introduction to Russian History (Companion to Russian Studies;1)." Brisol, Great Britain : Cambridge University Press Ltd.

After Mongol rule over China ended in 1368 CE by rebel forces, the renewal of Confucian values and a patriarchal social structure in the following Ming Dynasty signifies the refusal by the native Chinese to assimilate Mongol practices into their native culture. This adamant refusal can be attributed to discrimination against the Chinese in Mongol law and conflicting ideologies concerning the role of women and the social status of merchants and artisans. On the other hand, the impact of Mongol expansion to Russia continued to be influential even after the collapse of the Mongol Empire. Linguistically, амбар in Russian and амбаар in Mongolian both translate to barn. Overall, there are thousands of borrowed words, phrases, and other characteristics from the Mongol and Turkic language that are featured in the Russian language because of interactions between the two during the Mongol Empire. Moreover, the Golden Horde’s occupation of Eastern Europe inadvertently resulted in the unification and strengthening of Russia. Prior to Mongol rule, Russia was divided into city-states ruled by various independent princes. A weak economy and the lack of a strong centralized power made it easy for the Mongols to conquer Russia. However, under Mongol rule, princes attained wealth through siphoning off taxes as tribute collectors and learned to centralize their power from the Mongols while the Orthodox Church was able to flourish and rise as a unifying force through tax exemptions. The Russian state found strength in a common religion and in an allegiance towards a “grand prince” later called the Tsar; overthrowing the Mongols. The reason between these differences in China and Russia is due to different methods of administration. China was mostly governed by foreign officials, only Mongols were allowed to hold high posts, and the Chinese held little

anonymously written play, Everyman. This play, written in the 15th century, is used as a spiritual

Throughout its history, English has become one of the most spoken languages in the world. This will lead me through the dissemination of the English language and the changes the language has under gone. Until recently, the wide spread use of code-switching, the practice of using and thinking in two different languages is much different than borrowing. Borrowing is a term used to describe using words from other languages by monolinguals of any given language and have been adapted into regular use, as part of an adopted vocabulary. One example

It is common for languages to take words, phrases and meanings from one another, and this is no different than English taking from Greek and Latin. While some Greek or Latin words have been changed into prefixes and suffixes, others have become phrases, and even events have garnered their own meaning by today’s standards. This includes the adaptation to technology, science, military purposes and even everyday use, many of which are significant in their own respective area.

Namely, the internet provides millions of people access to nearly every inch of the world, thus exposing gamers, bloggers, and mere web browers to foreign sources. As a result, English, whether intentionally or not, borrows words from these sources to the point that dictionaries struggle to keep up. For example, an American online poker player explained how his opponent, a Romanian, used the term fish ‘a bad poker player who gets lucky’. Donkey already held the same meaning in English, but this American player began to use fish with other American players, therefore spreading its use (Millward 325-326). Furthermore, heavy immigration prevents English purification efforts as well. In the 19th century, German immigration to the United States increased, contributing educational loanwords such as semester and kindergarten, food and beverage terms like pretzel and lager, and accordion and yodel for music. An influx of Yiddish-speaking Jews also introduced familiar words like bagel, pastrami, and matzo (Millward 326-327). Immigrants continue to flock to the United States from all over the world, bringing their vocabulary with them and consequently squelching purification attempts. Finally, the constant “exchanges of products, information, and research” have contributed to certain cultures gaining recognition for their successes, leading English to adopt words that reflect such achievements. For example, France is famous for its so-called superiority in fashion and food, so we see loanwords such as chef, gourmet, and restaurant, as well as blouse, lingerie, and suede in English (Millward 325). Therefore, modern global communication prevents English purification and renders any attempt ineffective, for loanwords continue to enter the language at significant

In the article “Lost in Translation”, the author, Lera Boroditsky, maintains as her thesis that the languages we speak not only reflect or express our thoughts, but also shape the very thoughts we wish to express. Boroditsky begins the main section of her essay with the history of the issue of whether or not languages shape the way speakers think. Charlemagne was the first to think that languages do in fact shape the mindset of speaker, but Noam Chomsky rebutted this idea with his thought that languages do not differ much from each other, thus in turn proposing that linguistic differences do not cause a difference in thinking. Now with scientists

Throughout Russian history, particularly the period after its full exposure to western civilization, people have debated the countries past, present, and future role in the world. This deliberation has taken place several times in the countries past, one of the most notable being in the 19th century. In the 1840s-1850s the Slavophile and Westernizer movements emerged in the Russian sphere. The Slavophiles, having developed their views along literary and academic lines, believed in a uniquely Russian development and future not influenced by the west. Westernizers, having been influenced by Russia’s previous ‘attempts’ to westernize, believed in development to European standards; they rejected traditionally Russian ideals such as feudalism, serfdom, and religious orthodoxy (Cite). It is from small salons, predominantly in Moscow, that these two intellectual movements clashed about the future development of Russia.

Throughout twenty-centuries ago, writers thought that ordinary language and literary language were two different languages. But this is an analytical assumption. There is only one language, which

The contact between languages is one of the various fields investigated by socio-linguistics. Commonly it is thought that monolingualism is the most usual linguistic behaviour but language studies disprove this belief showing that all speech communities and individuals hold a rich linguistic repertoire which may include two or more distinct languages, different varieties of the same language and a wide range of registers, styles, social codes etc.

Анализ требований, предъявляемых NAFSA, организации, работающей с 1948 года, к специалистам в области организации международного академического сотрудничества, показывает, что международное академическое сотрудничество является междисциплинарной специальностью. Действительно, работники данной области профессиональной деятельности должны иметь глубокие знания в культурологии и межкультурной коммуникации, политологии, регионоведении и религиоведении, экономике и статистике, менеджменте и маркетинге, демографии и социальной работе, психологии и педагогике, журналистике и связям с общественностью, управлении персоналом и юриспруденции. Кроме того, они должны обладать суммой специальных знаний и умений, о которых говорилось выше. Безусловно, все перечисленные научные направления накладывают свой отпечаток на формирование терминологии.