Bourdieu Cultural Capital Essay

170), Referring to the text, Bourdieu does not see human action generating from habitus alone, There is more to human action than dispositions formed in the past. Hence, Bourdieu employs two additional concepts to complete his model of human practices; capital and field. Bourdieu has identified different kinds of capitals, economic, social, cultural and symbolic being the principal ones that are unequally distributed across the social

The Australian Citizenship Legislation Amendment, Strengthening the Requirements for Australian Citizenship and Other Measures Bill 2017, introduced by Mr Peter Dutton, minister for Immigration and Border Protection proposed to reform the requirements of citizenship. The bill incorporates a number of integrity measures to ensure migrants are capable of upholding Australian values and subsequently, prepared to be full, active members in Australian society. To maintain social cohesion and facilitate social progression, the bill suggests stricter application requirements, fundamental to determine whether an individual acquires Australian values measured through new imposed testing. Currently, Australia is a combination of diverse cultures, religions and consequently, it is considerably difficult to define the values of Australian citizens as a whole. Therefore, the underlying motives of the Australian Citizenship Bill 2017 are highly controversial.

The concept citizenship has caused various perception of citizenships. In Linda Bosniak’s The Citizen and The Alien, she provides a popular perception called the hard shells and soft interiors. Hard shells represent the tough life that

When immigration policy is discussed, typically, it is discussed within the confines of egalitarian notions and sentiments, and inside the boundaries and parameters set by generally Marxist-influenced social democracy. Characteristically, it is not discussed pertaining to the concept of a social order built on the rights of property owners, sharers, and contributors to and of the common stock- which at their discretion- may exclude bad apples, lazy contributors, rotten characters, trespassers, and terrorists. Once egalitarian sentiments and notions are rejected full-scale- (only giving credence to those that have empirical weight or logical consistency) more proper, more substantive interdisciplinary analyses may reveal that the current investigative techniques employed by current mainstream political theorists are- in the context of reality, incorrect, superficial and quite shallow.

In 2010, when Ahmad wrote his article, immigration was on the rise in the UK. Many immigrants were being accepted into the country which created a record high. Although this situation may seem to be a good thing, it can be deceiving. Due to the increase in immigration, the government had pledged to cut migration by an exponential amount. “The British, who ruled my country for decades and taught me the English that I speak, have always had the power to keep me out of their country” (Ahmad 38). At this

Immigration is both a domestic issue and global concern. It involves economics, politics, and culture. Unlike other current issues, it has been at the center of the American experience for hundreds of years (Tirman, John). Every year, hundreds of thousands of immigrants from around the world, come to the United States. These immigrants have many different motivations as to why they leave their home country; but as currents events indicate, it is injustice, poverty, and violence in their own country that generally make people move to save themselves and to ensure a better future for their families. Many of these people believe the United States is the best place to go, because there is more freedom, protection, and benefits,

Today’s world is characterized by a global environment of rootlessness. Political upheavals, poverty, and opportunity cause populations to shift and move, and people that are citizens of one country to move to another. The resulting disconnect between the traditions of their homeland that they have internalized, experiencing these as “home,” and the new environment that they move to where the culture is vastly different calls into question what “home” really is, and what citizenship means.

Two weeks ago, June 3rd, 2015, CBC News published an article with an title of “It’s official second class citizenship goes into effect.” Canadian government created a two tier citizenship system under the law of Bill C-24, which stipulated dual citizens and people who immigrants to Canada can have their citizenship take away while other Canadians who born in Canada cannot. The second-class citizens can be mainly classified into three cases: new immigrants, multi-citizenship holders and the citizens who were not born in Canada. Immigrants land in Canada with dreams and hopes, but the “General Social Survey 2009 shows that one-fifth of them face discrimination in various situation once they arrived.” Labeled people into first-level and second-level citizens was clearly against the human rights. The new immigrants law dividing people into different levels under the law that receive treatments was seen as very unfair and un-Canadian. My research question thus will argue the factors that contribute to people’s discrimination toward second-class citizens in Canada and I will operationalize the topic by observing both positive and negative influence of the society. In my research, I will compare the experiences of discrimination of second-class citizens and those of non-immigrants. By examining the two variables above, the essay will argue the elements by predicting the probability of facing discrimination based on the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of a person.

At any given time over the past century, almost 3% of the world’s people were living outside of their country of birth, suggesting that birthright citizenship is the most acquired citizenship method in the world and almost 97% of the world’s population are citizens of the country of their birth (Macklin & Crepeau, 2010). Many say that the rules of birthright citizenship could be under-inclusive (for example, a noncitizen who lived in Canada since he/she was an infant and spent their entire life there is still not a citizen) and some say it is over- inclusive (such as a person born in Chicago to a Canadian mother from Toronto, who never set foot in Canada is still a citizen). This opens up a debate about the ideal set of citizenship rules but it also puts an emphasis that there really can’t be any perfect set of rules (Macklin & Crepeau, 2010). According to Migration Policy Institute Data Hub the foreign- born

Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital has been extremely influential, and has garnered a great deal of literature, both theoretical and empirical. Like Marx, Bourdieu posited that capital was the foundation of social life and dictated people’s position within the social hierarchy (Bourdieu 1986). According to Bourdieu, the more capital one possesses, the more prestigious a position one occupies in social life (Bourdieu 1986). In addition to that, Bourdieu extended Marx’s idea of capital beyond the economic and into cultural symbolism (Bourdieu 1986). Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital that refers to the collection of symbolic elements (e.g. skills, tastes, clothing) one acquires through being part of a particular social niche and his concept of habitus that refers to the physical manifestation of cultural capital owned by individuals due to life experiences are his major influential concepts that are very useful in deconstructing power in development and social change processes. However it must be recognized that these concepts also propagate social inequalities at the same time. This essay will closely examine his concepts of capital that comes in three forms - embodied, objectified, and institutionalised, and habitus in the fields of education and stratification have made of it. Bourdieu’s work will be analysed in the context both of the debate on class inequalities in educational attainment and of class reproduction in advanced capitalist societies.

Pierre Bourdieu developed the concept of cultural capital in order to attempt to explain the differences in educational outcomes in France during the 1960’s. Cultural capital is theorised as the forms of knowledge, skill, education; any advantages a person has which, give them a higher status in society, including high expectations (Nick Stevenson, 1995.pp.46-48). This differentiates economic and social status from the class agenda which, is rigidly sustained through an exclusive cycle. Cultural capital itself can be used in analysis of the class system, and how the dominant aesthetic and ideology is sustained from generation to generation.

A student’s cultural capital will have an impact on their education. It will either be positive or it can be negative for the child. In this essay I will explain the idea of cultural capital and then use it to analyse the impact it has had on education in different settings. The first educational setting I will discuss is a story called Butterflies, written by Patricia Grace (2002), and the second being the contrast in education between high and low decile schools in New Zealand. This essay will demonstrate the implications of the inequality in education because of cultural capital, and the effects it has on a student’s presence, participation and achievement.

Bourdieu has multiple concepts another one being habitus which is the physical embodiment of cultural capital, to the deeply ingrained habits, skills, and dispositions that we possess due to our experiences throughout life. In the video people like us it referenced peoples

Migrants are defined as all those who were born outside the UK and were known as ‘aliens’ or ‘foreigners’. Kostakopoulou calls this assumption into question, arguing that ‘aliens’ are by definition outside the bounds of the community by virtue of a circular reasoning which takes for granted the existence of bounded national communities, and that this which takes for granted the existence of bounded national communities, and that this process of collective self-definition is deeply political and historically dated. The composition of the current UK migrant population has of course been conditioned by immigration policy over the past 50 years. Immigration has become a major debate across the UK, with many different reasons given for and

Everyday I am on a constant race to discover who I am as an individual. I am fighting this battle whether I choose to acknowledge it or not. Donald Hernandez has written in his book Children of Immigrants: Health, Adjustment, and Public Assistance; he talks about major key points, but the most important one state “Third, because life chances differ greatly according to race and ethnicity in the United States, and because of the race and ethnic composition of immigrants to this country has shifted markedly during recent decades,” (3). That is true trying to be one thing is very hard in USA society has an effect of how you may become as the individual. If I were in another country they would just see as an American and nothing else, but the place that I was born and raised they see me as what my parents are Nigerians. I am not American because my parents are from Nigeria; this has been a very constant thing, because of several definitions of what it