Bovine Blood Lab

Healthcare mistakes can be costly (Kelly & Klim, 2013). One particular mistake that is a common source of costliness and wasteful spending on many levels is the improper collection of blood cultures. Blood culture collection is a necessity in the treatment of many conditions, including pneumonia, cellulitis, and other bacterial infections (). INSERT STUFF FROM PHONE HERE .Blood cultures provide a guide for diagnosing and treating a patient with sepsis (Kelly & Klim). Self et al. (2013) agrees that the unnecessary interventions from contaminated specimens prove to cost the hospital time, effort and thousands of dollars

When lysing the cells, add 20 - 50 μl chilled lysis buffer (RIPA buffer with protease inhibitors and PhosSTOP), and keep the samples on ice for 30 min. Centrifuge the samples at 20,000 × g for 20 min at 4℃. Transfer the supernatant to new tubes,

The experiment groups are slide #2, #3, and #4 were compared to the control group. The red blood cells on slide #2 have similar appearance to the slide # 1. This implies that 0.9%NaCl is isotonic to the red blood cells. There was no net gain or loss of water because the cells concentration of solute is equal to the 0.9% NaCl solution. The red blood cells on slide #3 showed a decrease in size and more space between the cells was observed. This implies that 10% NaCl is hypertonic to the red cells. There was a net loss of water because the solute concentration of cells is lower than that of the 10% NaCl. Red blood cells on slide # 4 were not visible. This implies that Distilled water (dH2O) is hypotonic to the red cells. There was a net gain of water because the solute concentration of the cells is higher than of the (dH2O) solution. This means the distilled water is hypotonic to blood and that the water moved into the RBCs and they

Each solution contained different concentrations as follows: 0.005 mg/mL, 0.010 mg/mL, 0.015 mg/mL, 0.020 mg/mL, and 0.025 mg/mL. Each solution needed to have a volume of 10 mL. Before adding the different concentrations of Coomassie Blue into their separate tubes, the formula C1V1= C2V2 was used in order to determine how much stock solution is needed for the five dilute solutions. Once that number was calculated, a pipette was used to add the amount of stock solution needed for each tube. We then subtracted the amount of stock solution from 10 mL to determine the amount of H2O needed. The calculated amount of H2O was then added to each tube of solution. After doing that, a spectrophotometer was used to determine each solution’s relative absorbance. However, before that, we first had to calibrate the spectrophotometer before determining each solution’s relative absorbance. In order to calibrate the spectrophotometer, a disposable culture tube filled with distilled water was used. We then changed the data rate to 100 and removed the tube with water. In order to determine the relative absorbance, the relative absorbance had to be at 595 nm. Also, during this experiment, an unknown dilution was given to us by the lab instructor. We determined the relative absorbance by using the spectrophotometer and then recorded the results. The procedures for this experiment can be found on page 8 of

After the hour incubation with MTT and the addition of DMSO, the blue DMSO-formazan solutions from each well was placed in a Kimex tube and run through a spectrophotometer. Each tube was placed in the spectrophotometer and had its absorbance value recorded three times. At the end, the average of each concentration was calculated.

The purpose of this lab is to correctly determine the blood type of four unknown synthetic blood samples through the use of three antibody serums; anti-A, anti-B and anti-Rh. By successfully determining the blood type of an individual, information such as the individual 's blood antigens and antibodies will be known and can help determine which blood types that individual can accept or donate.

The purpose of this lab being performed is for one to determine the normal osmolarity of our fluids, and how the different concentration solutes has an impact on the red blood cells shape. Depending on the solution being used the cell can either, swell up, crenate, burst, or keep its shape. Depending on the osmolarity of a cells interstitial fluid, the cell might change its tonicity if osmosis occurs. Osmolarity is the concentration of ions in a one-liter solution. We will be able to determine what solutions causes change in shape and tonicity by the different types of solutions we have by changing the extracellular fluid concentration of the solutes in the red blood cells. We will place the red blood cells in a 5% hypertonic solution, hypotonic

Binding of CO to hemoglobin is greatly affected to anemic and smoking individuals. Hemoglobin plays a major role in our body to transport oxygen. Since hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen, it binds to an oxygen molecule and increases its oxygen concentration. Thus, when the blood cells are at a different part of the body where the oxygen concentrations are low, the oxygen will leave the hemoglobin and diffuse into the cells. However, carbon monoxide has a 250 fold greater affinity than oxygen. So, when CO enters the blood from the lungs, CO would bind with hemoglobin instead of oxygen, and block the blood’s ability to carry oxygen to the cells throughout the body. In a normal healthy individual, the total carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) complex is 1% or less, whereas, smoking increases COHb to 3-8% and further to 15% for chain smokers. When smoking a cigarette, CO binds to hemoglobin and displaces to

For several reasons, actual human blood could not be used for the experiment, and so a synthetic blood substitute was used instead. Unfortunately for blood spatter analysts, scientists have not yet developed a blood substitute that perfectly models the flight dynamics of real blood. When analyzing blood spatter, it is crucial to use a substance that exactly mimics the flight dynamics of real blood in order to get accurate results and while, in the field of medicine, numerous blood substitutes have been developed that mimic the properties of real blood, blood spatter analysis does not yet have an perfect replica of real blood to use for experiments and investigations. The synthetic blood substitute used for this experiment is one of the most authentic blood substitutes currently on the market, which limited the error due to the blood substitute. Although, it was discovered shortly after the experiment began

Discussion The outcome of the blood samples reacting to the serums was supportive of the hypothesis. Each unknown blood sample was exposed to anti-A, anti-B and anti-Rh serum. It was predicted that depending on which serum the blood sample reacted to that a specific blood type could be deduced. The agglutination of the red blood cell occurs due to the matching antigens and antibodies reacting to each other.

Figure 3. Bradford Standard Curve using 10mg/ml BSA Protein. 10mg/ml BSA protein stock was serially diluted to cover a 5-2000µg/mL concentration range. 50 µL of dilutions were added to 1.5mL Bradford Reagent, left at room temperature for 5minutes, and assayed at 595nm, against a blank of 50 µL DI H20 and 1.5mL Bradford Reagent.1 ________________________________________ From the Bradford standard curve equation, the protein concentration of the crude lysate was calculated to be 0.1402 µg/mL, and the protein concentration in Fractions 1, 2 and 3 was found to be 11.5038 µg/mL, 11.5038 µg/mL, and 26.6553 µg/mL, respectively. Although Fraction 2 appeared to have the most intense yellow coloring, Fraction 3 had the highest protein concentration.

Frozen samples should be slowly warmed to 4ºC on ice and centrifuged to isolate the residual cell debris. The PBMC can be collected from blood samples, centrifuged, aspirated and resuspended for several washes. After a few washes, the supernatant can be aspirated and assayed immediately or frozen down. If frozen, the PBMCs need to undergo PBMC thawing by warming the vials in a water bath, transfer into a centrifuge tube, centrifuge and resuspend the pellet as preparation for performing the cell count.

The manifestation of P-selection in the case of vitro human platelets is increased by the Leptin. Fascinatingly, the augmentation of the results of APD-induced combination from the Leptin mitigated in the platelets found from the overweight or the obese patients in comparison to the normal-weight patients. However, other studies showed no effect of Leptin at concentration levels of up to 500 ng/mL from obese and other normal weight subjects.

Hemolytic activity is the lysis and destruction of red blood cells which can occur from enzymes produced by the bacteria, (Caldas, Herron, La Mota-Peynado, Wong, and Trowbridge, 2017). To test the production of enzymes that can lysis red blood cells we used sheep’s blood agar which is an enriched medium with five percent citrated sheep’s blood, (Caldas, Herron, La Mota-Peynado, Wong, and Trowbridge, 2017). By streaking and using a stab technique which allows us to test our species reaction with less oxygen, to differentiate gram-positive cocci species. Alpha hemolysis (α) is observed as an incomplete hemolysis. This causes the species after incubated at thirty-seven degrees for twenty-four hours to turn a greenish color. This occurs through the oxidation of hemoglobin by producing hydrogen peroxide, (Caldas, Herron, La Mota-Peynado, Wong, and Trowbridge, 2017). Beta hemolysis (β) is the complete lysis of red blood cells and results in clear or yellow colonies growing on the culture. Streptomycin is the enzyme being utilized which is an oxygen-stable cytotoxin that will lysis red blood cells, (Caldas, Herron, La Mota-Peynado, Wong, and Trowbridge, 2017). The last result you may observe is gamma hemolysis (γ) which results in no lysis of red blood cells and no growth in the agar occurs.

Blood samples were collected into polyethylene test tubes. SST tubes were used for serum collection. From BD Vacutainer CO., Belliver Industrial Estate, Plymouth. Serum was separated by centrifuge for 5 min at 3,000 rpm to eliminate cell debris using Heraeus centrifuge from Germany. Serum samples were stored at -20°C until assay.T4; T3, FT4, FT3 and TSH were measurement by the