Brachiopods Research Paper

This experiment is to see The Affect of Caffeine on Daphnia. Daphnia is also known as a water flea. It is a distant relative of crabs and shrimps. (Marshall Cavendish, 2002) Daphnia have a hard external skeleton with jointed appendages and limbs. The head contains a large central eye which is made of two eyes joined together. Daphnia has two pairs of antennae which are used for swimming. Each daphnia has five pairs of limbs. These limbs lie in a certain space under the body bounded by the carapace. (Marshall Cavendish, 2002) A carapace is a hard upper shell or chitinous outer covering on the back of some animals. The daphnia is well preserved because of its shells which are composed of chitin. The usual size of this microorganism is about 0.2-0.3 mm; they look like flat disks. Their bodies are divided into three parts – head, thorax, and abdomen. The head is typically dome-shaped with five pairs of appendages. Among these five are two pairs of antennae; there is a small pair and a larger pair. The smaller pair of antennae serves as a sensory function and the larger one is used for swimming. The other three appendages’ purpose is to secure food they intake. (Michael Hutchins, 2003) The thorax holds four to six pairs of legs that are used for gathering food, filtering water, or grasping mates. There are over 400 species of daphnia and they are distributed worldwide. Daphnia uses their thoracic legs to produce a constant current of water; this allows them to filter food

Pillbugs and sowbugs are terrestrial isopods that belong to the order Isopoda and the arthropod class crustacean. According to the Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, the terrestrial isopods have evolved from the marine forms. However despite the fact that they seek moist environments they must also avoid an overly moist environment (Journal of Insect Science, 2008). The two different species resemble one another phenotypically. However, pillbugs are a dark gray and the sow bugs are a light gray with posterior projections. Pillbugs also curl into a ball when they feel endangered and the sow bugs do not. The pill bugs used in this experiment were female. Isopods primarily live in dark, damp habitats in order to prevent dehydration (Isopod Behavior Lab). The purpose of this experiment was to determine the type of environment isopods prefer. First we tested to see if the isopods preferred a dry or moist environment and then we tested to see if they preferred the potting soil or the leaf litter environment. For the observation of isopods in response to moisture experiment it was said that each of the two different species would prefer a different environment. For part two, Observation of Isopods in response to other variables, it was hypothesized that the Isopods would prefer the potting soil or the leaf litter environment.

First, the author asserts that being the kind of creature with so much mass, Brachiosaurus needed long legs to support them on land, yet the buoyancy would help share this burden. In the lecture, however, the professor indicates that Brachiosaurus were able to walk on land with the fossil tracks of such creatures

They must be eukaryotic, meaning they have nucleus, and in the domain Eukarya. In the Linnaean classification this could be in the kingdom Protista like a paramecium. Another Linnaean classification of this could be in kingdom Animalia, since they are heterotrophs and their cells contain a nucleus. They could be grouped as predators, since the organism is engulfing another organism. They could also be grouped based on their locomotion. They could have cilia, legs, or even flagella.

Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to observe the behavior of the Armadillium vulgare (roly- poly

Isopods are land dwelling crustaceans also known as pill bugs. In the lab the isopods will be studied on ethology which is the study of animal behavior. The taxis and kinesis will also be studied of the isopods. Taxis is when a certain factor attracts or repels an individual. Kinesis is when an individual randomly moves because of a certain factor.

Daphnia belong to the phylum of arthropod; the subphylum of Crustacea; the class of brachiopod; and the order of Cladocera.

Dugesia tigrina are flatworms of the Turbellaria class that can live in saltwater or freshwater environments (Reddien and Alvarado 2004). These flatworms are also known as planaria and are notorious for their great ability of regeneration. The purpose of this experiment was to test if the regrowth of the planarian limbs was affected by light.

They appeared at about the same time as the ammonites. The two groups have some anatomical and developmental traits in common that set them apart from the nautiluses, but they are much different. Ammonites relied on their shells for defense as well as buoyancy while coleoids had internal shells that they did not use for defense. Some coleoid groups have also discarded the shell as a buoyancy aid. Seen in Figure 3, Octopuses, and their close relatives, the vampyromorphs, have lost their shells independently. The squids have shells that no longer provide buoyancy but unlike octopuses, the squids kept their shell for support

Tube Worms can live on the chimneys caused from a volcanic fault. Their environment is scarce on a food supply so the tubeworms have become a home for many species. Because there is no followed pattern of the mineral eruptions, the tubeworms will have times where they may unpredictably become inactive. Tubeworms have adapted to stretch 3 meters out in length and have opened a comforting spot for other ocean organisms. Although they are the fastest growing marine invertebrates known, they still have times where they struggle to survive.

Many Early Cambrian invertebrates are known only from "small shelly fossils" - tiny plates and scales and spines and tubes and so on. Many of these were probably pieces of the skeletons of larger animals.

The proboscis develops and contracts in 12 cycles every moment. Cilia help with moving particles out of the way. When it picks up progress, a peristaltic swell stays the proboscis while the body inactively takes after. Here and there, enteropneusta take to the surface, swimming in swarms (Dobbs et al. 1986). The proboscis is the most dynamic piece of the creature; whatever is left of the body is lazy. The proboscis may seem creepy at first glance, with the guide of cilia and anteroposterior peristalsis of the body. Development in the burrow is conceivably by cilia activity alone. The proboscis displays consistent exploratory

Cephalopods, meaning "head-foot" due to the muscular feet near the head, is an important class of the mollusks that includes species like the squid, octopus, nautilus, and cuttlefish. Octopi have eight tentacles, the squids and cuttlefish have ten, and the nautilus can have eighty to ninety. The feet of octopi and squids are developed

Bristle worms are a type of worm that is in the group of segmented worms. They are in the Phylum Annelida. The scientific name of the bristle worm is Polychaete. These worms “rule the sea”. They’re at least 10,000 different species of bristle worms that live everywhere in the sea. They can be in open ocean, coral reefs, or by deep hydrothermal vents. The bristle worm reproduces both sexually and asexually. They produce sexually by releasing an egg in the water and then fertilize it with sperm. They reproduce asexually by budding. The bristle worm possesses toxic bristles on their bodies that can inflict a sting. Bristle worms are typically introduced into an aquarium by hitchhiking in on live rock, so taking the time to inspect all new pieces of live rock for these animals before placing it into your aquarium is the first step in preventing an infestation.

With this happening the Devonian has become known as the age of fishes. “The first backboned "fish" were the Aganthans, which are commonly called jawless fish (Huges, 1996). Agnathans live today as hagfish and lampreys, but they do not resemble ancient Agnathans (Hamlin, 1999). The Agnathans lived from 510 to 350 million years ago (Huges, 1996). These fish, since they did not have a jaw, sucked food in through a hole in their heads (BBC, 1998). One type of Agnathan was the Hemicyclasis, which had only one nostril and a bony head shield (BBC, 1998).” (http://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/coelacanth/F11.HTM) The Agnathans were actually armoured fish but more fish evolved from these first fish. The Acanthodians, or spiny fish, had jaws unlike the Aganthans. They had a short, deep body, five fins on it's belly and of course, it has spines all over it's body. These fish went extinct in the Carboniferous