Brahiopods Were Shelled Animals

Coral reefs exist all over the world and are generally known as being one of the most diverse, intricate and beautiful of all existing marine habitats. They have many varying structures which are developed by algae and are symbiotic with various reef building corals which are referred to as, zooxanthellae (algae). There are many other factors such as, coralline algae, sponges and other various organisms that are combined with a number of cementation processes which also contribute to reef growth, (CORAL REEFS, 2015).

Coral reefs are the most biodiverse ecosystem on the planet. There are more than 25,000 known species of organisms and countless others that have yet to be identified (Helvarg, 2000). Reefs thrive on the shallow edge of tropical seas, most often on the eastern edge of continents along warm water currents that brush the coasts. Reefs cannot live in cold waters and are limited by ocean depth and available sunlight. Coral is the foundation of the reef community, providing a three-dimensional structure where thousands of species of vertebrates and invertebrates live and feed. Some species of coral are hard, while others soft. Some are branched, yet others are compact and rounded. Coral is made up of large

They must be eukaryotic, meaning they have nucleus, and in the domain Eukarya. In the Linnaean classification this could be in the kingdom Protista like a paramecium. Another Linnaean classification of this could be in kingdom Animalia, since they are heterotrophs and their cells contain a nucleus. They could be grouped as predators, since the organism is engulfing another organism. They could also be grouped based on their locomotion. They could have cilia, legs, or even flagella.

Invertebrates are animals that do not have backbones. There are many different types of invertebrates divided into phyla. They are Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Echinodermata, Mullusca, Arthropoda, and Chordata. Coral are part of the phylum Cnidaria which are a type of invertebrates. They include jellyfish, sea anemones, coral and many more. All cnidarians are shaped in three ways; an umbrella, a cylinder or a bell. The cnidarian world book article states, "Every cnidarian has at least two layers of cells that form its body wall. An outer layer makes up the body covering, and an inner layer lines the digestive cavity." However in some cases there may be an third layer of cell which help support the cnidarian. They eat by opening their mouth which is at one end which leads to

Almost every metazoan phylum with hard parts, and many that lack hard parts, made its first appearance in the Cambrian. The only modern phylum with an adequate fossil record to appear after the Cambrian was the phylum Bryozoa, which is not known before the early Ordovician. A few mineralized animal fossils, including sponge spicules and probable worm tubes, are known from the Vendian period immediately preceding the

Glue themselves to rocks, filter food during high tide, trap door to store moisture in shell

Echinoderms such as starfish, sea cucumbers, and urchins are identified by their symmetry and central mouth. This species is found decorating the coral reefs by their variety of color and sizes. Because some of these animals like to burrow in the sand, they can supply oxygen to some of the depths in the ocean. Echinoderms are a staple food in many sea animals diet.

Planktons! You can find them in several places on the Earth. In oceans, seas, and lakes! These organisms are those that drift, and are incapable or have little or no ability to swim. Due to that, they are moved and taken wherever by the currents of water based environments. (http://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/plankton.htm) Not to mention, they are also an important food source to many large aquatic organisms. For instance, fish and whales. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton) In this lab experiment, “Battle of the Plankton”, groups of students are to make their own planktonic organism out of household items that will (hopefully) have the characteristic of sinking slowly when placed in a large tank filled with fresh water. They will have

<b>Introduction</b><br>Think of a world which existed 290 million years ago. As you look out over the terane in front of you, you think that you are on an alien planet. You see volcanoes spewing ash and lava. Beside them is the ocean which is swarming with many different species of echinoderms, bryozoans and brachiopods. As you look down onto the sea floor you are amazed at the countless number of starfish and urchins. Some animals leave you can't even describe and you have no idea even what phylum they belong to. This is a world at its height in diversity of oceanic species. Millions of wonderous species existed at this time in the ocean and most of them will never appear again in earth's history. In the geologic time scale, a million

living in their bodies. These plants help feed the corals, soak up their wastes and

Sponges are considered part of the Animal Kingdom because sponges are multicellular. They are known be diploblastic, which means having two layers of cells. Adult Sponges, may have several cell layers, but originally, they all arise from the two layers that were present in the early embryo (Dawkins 2004). Most sponges are asymmetrical, however some of them show the radial symmetry (Dawkins 2004). Sponges do not have a coelom. A coelom is a cavity within the body in which the heart, intestines, kidney, lungs, etc., they are located, and it is sealed off from the outside world. The body cavity of sponges is large, and it is open to the outside world, also it’s enables the sponge to consume food (Dawkins 2004).

There are very many organisms living in the ocean. We know most of the popular ones like: sharks, dolphins, jellyfish, fish, whales, seahorse, etc. But, those common ones do not compare to the actual amount of sea creatures that live in the oceans. Those abundance of organisms each adapt to survive in the sea in an assortment of ways. Aquatic creatures such as giant squid, Zombie Worms, and Yeti Crabs each have a special way of adapting for life in the sea.

Many bivalves are infauna organisms where they burry deeply more than 30 cm and live as permanent burrows where they will move deeper as they grow larger (Gosling, 2003). Although most of them are burrowing organisms, there is also group that live permanently attached on the surface or known as epifauna and epibenthos is groups that live in association with seafloor but also swim temporarily above it (Huber, 2013). Bivalve possess two halves of the mantle that are fused around the edges, with openings anteriorly for the foot and posteriorly for the exhalant opening where the water will expelled from the pallial cavity (Bunje, 2001) as shown in Figure 2.1. In addition, within this posteriorly is also located the inhalant opening that carried

Cnidarians (or coelenterates), including sea anemones, jellyfish, and corals, are built mostly of sheets of cells, and they exploit the large surface area of the

     Coral animals begin life as free-floating larvae, but settle on the sea floor in sedentary colonies. The term "coral" applies both to these animals and to their skeletons, particularly the skeletons of stone-like corals (Discover 1997).