Brain Tumor Segmentation Paper

A person has a 0.55–0.7% chance of developing any type of brain tumor in their lifetime (Mohammadi and Schroeder 1). A brain tumor is a mass of abnormal cells located somewhere in the brain. Brain tumors can be caused by many different disorders including Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). Some tumors caused by this disorder are inoperable. Inoperable brain tumors can now be treated using new advanced technology. Technological advances provide new hope for patients who have inoperable brain tumors and TSC.

The brain is made up of millions upon millions of cells. These cells are formed from before birth, up until about 7 years old. Once these brain cells stop dividing, they are never meant to divide again. You can see that the division of brain cells is under strict regulation and control. When this control is lost in a single cell, then it starts dividing in an uncontrolled manner. All of the data obtained through research on cancer shows that this disease is caused by a rapidly dividing cell, with no regulators to stop it from dividing. As the cell makes more and more copies of itself, it grows to form a tumor. This is known as cancer.

Tumors can be classified into three types: 1) benign 2) pre malignant 3) malignant tumor. Benign tumors are those which are incapable of abrupt expanding and affecting the other healthy brain tissues. Premalignant tumor is a pre cancerous stage, if not treated properly it may lead to cancers. It is often considered as a disease. Malignant tumor grows rapidly with time an ultimately leads to death of patient. Malignant is a medical term describing a sever growth of a disease. The most common primary brain Tumors are gliomas, wherein 70% are in the group of malignant gliomas, glioblastoma multiform (GBM).The GBM is one of the highest malignant human

Glioma is a tumor that is a type of brain cancer. Glioma tumors are made up by cells called glial cells. Glial cells normally provide nutrition, oxygen, and structural support to the brain. Three types of glial cells can produce tumors. Gliomas are named after the type of glial cell that is involved in the tumor. A tumor is formed when the glial cells grow into an abnormal mass of tissue. Gliomas are one of the most common types of brain tumors that occur in adults.

Combination of calculated ADC values from tumoral core and specific metabolite ratios obtained by MR spectroscopy add more information to MR imaging in the differentiation and grading of brain tumors and more useful together than each alone. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging has superior diagnostic performance in diagnosis of glioma grades compared with diffusion weighted imaging (DWI)

CNS tumors represent the second most frequent tumor of childhood and the most common pediatric solid tumor; approximately 2,200 patients under the age of 20 are diagnosed each year with invasive CNS tumors, and CNS tumors are the number one cause of death from childhood cancer. [1] Therapeutic strategies generally involve surgery as a primary intervention, but complete resection is often not possible due to tumor location. In such cases, adjunct therapies, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, may be required based on the tumor histology and presence of residual tumor. [2]

a certain extent those can be switched off. The actual skull stripping is a modified

When the problem of epileptic seizures occurs within a person, an option with dealing with it is known as Split Brain Surgery. Albeit, it is a very drastic option.

Gliomas are primary brain tumors, which mean they start in the brain. They are a fairly common type of brain tumor. These types of tumors originate in the glial cells. Glial cells in the brain surround and support neurons. Because Gliomas often intermix with normal brain tissue, they are called intrinsic brain tumors. Gliomas show up in three different types of cells: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells. Astrocytomas will be produced by an astrocyte, an oligodendroglioma will be produced by an oligodendrocyte and epedymomas will be produced by an ependymal cell. If there is a mixture of these cells, then it is called a mixed

Central neurocytoma is a rare tumor that affects young adults. Neurocytoma is characterized with its high reoccurrence rate after surgical resection. Unfortunately, the molecular cell origin of neurocytoma remains unknown till further investigation. Current and past studies has showed different genetic variations and reasons for the tumor that ranges from over expressed oncogenes like N-MYC and insulin factor growth 2, Platelets derived growth factor D and neuregulin. The tumor often involves the lateral ventricle of the brain. The current classification of brain tumors is centered on two theories, the first theory uses the phenotypic morphology of the tumor as an indicative of its origin.

A brain tumor is a mass or development of irregular cells in your cerebrum or near your mind. There are different types of brain tumor exist which even are health hazardous. Essential brain tumors rise up out of the different cells that make up the cerebrum and focal sensory system and are named for the sort of cell in which they first shape. Gliomas and astrocytic tumors are the most common types of adult brain

Malignant gliomas are the most common type of primary brain tumors. As already shown in the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) report from 1998 – 2002, gliomas account for approximately 80 % of all malignant brain tumors and at least 30 % of all brain and CNS neoplasms (Ostrom et al., 2014). A number of putative risk factors that have been associated with brain tumors have been discussed. However, there is no clear cause for brain and CNS tumors. Less that 1 % are linked to lifestyle or environmental factors (Parkin, Boyd, & Walker, 2011). The only exposure that has been shown to affect glioma risk is ionizing radiation and has been classified as a cause by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (Cogliano

Cerebrum malignancy: Cancer of the focal data preparing focal point of the body. Tumors in the mind can be dangerous or considerate, and can happen at any age. Just dangerous tumors are destructive. Essential mind tumors disease at first structures in the cerebrum tissue.

Berkow, R., Beers, M. H., & Fletcher, A. J. (1999). The Merck Manual of Medical Information. New York: Pocket Books.

During the early 1970’s something called Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning was introduced into medicine. The CT scans were able to provide the first clear image of the brain and brain tumors. This was done by using X-Rays which provided doctors with images of a section or “slice” of the brain. In the following decades, CT Scanning becomes more and more refined and is now also being paired with other imaging techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) which was invented by Damadian in 1977 (Filler, 2009).