Breast Cancer Breast cancer develops from the breast tissue. It occurs when abnormal cells in the breast divide uncontrollably and form tumours. The tumours are either a lump or a thickening of body tissue. According to cancer research UK, in 2012, there was 50,750 new cases of breast cancer in women and 353 new cases of breast cancer in men, in the UK. There was also 11,716 deaths from breast cancer. (http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/breast-cancer/incidence-invasive#heading-Zero) 1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer within their lifetime and is the second highest cause of death from cancer in women in the UK. …show more content…
(Treatment of breast cancer) Stage 1 breast cancer is indicated when the tumour is still within the breast tissue and is no larger then 2 centimetres. Stage 2 breast cancer is when cancer cells can now be detected within the lymph nodes of the armpit, the tumour is now greater than 2 centimetres. The tumour in stage 3 breast cancer can now be any size, cancer cells have spread to the chest wall and the lymph nodes near the breastbone. Stage 4 breast cancer is also know as invasive or metastatic breast cancer. The cancer cells have spread outside of the breast to other organs and tissues of the body. (Breast Cancer, Kathleen N. Lohr)
Diagnosis
One of the main stages in detecting breast cancer is self-examinations, as this allows the patients to identify suspicious lumps and to go see their GP, who will then refer them to a medical oncologist. Routine screening(most commonly as mammograms) is a system put in place to detect cancer at early stages as there is a long growth period before the symptoms start to show, this is also known as the detectable preclinical phase.(Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer Series: Breast Cancer) There are two types of mammograms: screening and diagnostic. Diagnostic mammograms show a more detailed x-ray of the breast and can show the exact location of the abnormality. Screening mammograms are usually aimed at
Situation: The client is a 50-year-old female teacher who was notified of an abnormal screening mammogram. Diagnosis of infiltrating ductal carcinoma was made following a stereotactic needle biopsy of a 1.5 x 1.5 cm lobulated mass at the 3:00 position in her left breast. The client had a modified radical mastectomy with lymph node dissection. The sentinel lymph node and 11 of 16 lymph nodes were positive for tumor. Estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors were both positive. Further staging work-up was negative for distant metastasis. Her final staging was stage IIB. Her prescribed chemotherapy regimen is 6 cycles of CAF after a single-lumen central line was placed.
Factors that determine how to treat breast cancer are stage and grade of tumor and if it has spread to other tissue in the breast. The sensitivity to hormones of the cancer cells, health of the patient, age of the patient, and preference of the patient. Treatment may include surgery, if surgery is necessary it may be in the form of a lumpectomy, mastectomy (total breast removal), biopsy of sentinel node, dissection of axillary lymph node, and breast reconstruction surgery if a mastectomy has been done. Lumpectomy surgery is the removal of the DCIS area and a margin of healthy tissue that surrounds it. If necessary lymph nodes under the armpit and total breast removal including the nipple and areola may be removed which is known a mastectomy. After this procedure has taken place further treatment may occur such as radiation in the form
Early detection by screening for breast masses involves a three pronged approach: mammography, breast self-examination, clinical breast examination. Women should have a baseline mammography screening beginning at the age forty. Women who are at a high risk for breast cancer should have a yearly exam beginning at age the age of thirty. A mammography is an X-ray that allows health care professionals to examine the breast tissue for any suspicious areas. Mammograms can often show a breast abnormality before it can be self-detected. The clinical breast exam is performed by a healthcare professional that is trained to recognize different types of abnormalities and risk factors. The clinical breast exams are conducted in-office, typically completed by a family physician or gynecologist at your annual exam. A self-breast exam is something women should do once a month at home. Breast self-exams help you become familiar with how your
Released in 1975, Jaws was probably one of the best adventure, action, and suspense films of that era. Directed by Steven Spielberg with the following staring main cast members Roy Scheider as "Martin Bordy" (chief police officer), Richard Dreyfuss as "Matt Hooper" (marine biologist), Robert Shaw as "Quint" (local fisherman), Murray Hamilton as "Larry Vaughan" (town mayor). "Jaws" the movie, is not like any other any other fish story. The film is about a gigantic 26 foot shark that has an appetite for people; how horrifying is that? The unusual story takes place on the seasides' of Amity Island. When Chief Brody uncovers the partial body of a teenage girl with shark like bites, Chief Brody contacts a shark specialist to verify if the bite
Currently mammography and ultrasound are basic imaging techniques for detection and localization of breast tumor. Breast Ultrasound is a typically painless medical test that uses reflected sound waves for further evaluation of a breast abnormality or a specific area seen on mammography. Ultrasound can locate and measure abnormalities or changes to determine if a breast lump is solid or filled with fluid. A mammogram is an x-ray of the breast which may find tumors that are too small to feel. Women aged 40 to 74 years should have annual screening mammograms to lower chance of dying from breast cancer(2,15).Mammograms are less likely to find breast tumors in women younger than 50 years. This may
The Texas state legislature has been approached with a proposal to expand casino gambling within the state. In the early 20th century gambling was outlawed in the United States. In 1931 Gambling was legalized in the state of Nevada particularly in Las Vegas. Casinos have been springing up all over the nation since then in cities such as Atlantic City, New Jersey, Biloxi, Mississippi, and Shreveport, Louisiana. Casinos have been known for being a big money industry. They can boost the economy through job production, tourism, and tax revenues. The casino industry is known for bringing in billions of dollars to local economies. Casinos can also bring problems to their cities. They can bring crime and have negative social impacts in the regions
What is breast cancer? A female’s breast is made up of fibrous tissue, fatty tissue, and lobes of glandular tissue that eject milk to the exterior. However, breast cancer occurs when the normal cells in the breast begin to grow and divide at an unregulated speed. In all honesty, I want to know more about this issue because of the proven statics. Approximately forty thousand women and four hundred men die each year from breast cancer. In this article “Our Feel-Good War on Breast Cancer” by Peggy Orenstein she stresses the significance of early detection and creating mindfulness of breast cancer. Orenstein discuss how most people discover they have breast cancer by taking a mammogram conversely the real impact is somewhat different. Whereas,
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women in the United States. A mammogram, is a simple test done with x-ray, to screen women for abnormalities of the breast. Over the past six years, the guidelines put out by various healthcare organizations have changed multiple times on when women should begin screening mammograms. Based on statistical data collected by the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), 20 percent of women go without a screening mammogram for their own various reasons, of which may be lack of insurance, lack of time or lack of knowledge as to when they should be getting a screening mammogram done due to the recent changes in recommendations. The utilization of annual screening mammograms beginning at age 40 will continue to help reduce the incidence rate of women with breast cancer, or catch it early enough so that treatment can be sought.
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor in the glandular tissues of the breast. Such tumors, also called carcinomas, form when the chemical processes that control normal cell growth break down, enabling a single abnormal cell to multiply at a rapid rate (Hickman). Carcinomas,
Breast Cancer is a cancerous tumor that has developed within the cells of the breast. The most ordinary area in the breast for breast cancer to develop is the ducts, and less ordinary in the lobules of the breast. The cancerous cells can intrude healthy breast tissue over time, or cells can break off from the tumor and travel to the lymph nodes and into the lymphatic system which could take them to other parts of the body (“Breast Cancer-Woman’s”).
Breast Cancer is made up of glands also known as lubes. In a women breast the small tubes (lobules) carry milk to the nipples (ducts) . Breast cancer begins in the cells that are in the in the ducts. It can also start in other cells of the breast tissues. There is a pathway in the breast called lymph. Lymph causes the cancer to spread throughout the breast. The vessels that carry clear fluid instead of blood connect lymph.
Introduction Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in the UK. In 2011, just under 50,000 women were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Most women who get it (8 out of 10) are over 50, but younger women, and in rare cases, men, can also get breast cancer. If it's treated early enough, breast cancer can be prevented from spreading to other parts of the body.
Mammograms are a test a person can have done to see if they have breast cancer. A mammogram is an x-ray picture that can show lumps in one’s breast two years before it can be felt (National Cancer Society.) Mammograms can be very controversial on whether or not they are necessary. Mammography is very convenient in the way that they are low-dose x-rays which lowers the radiation risks. Also, if you could catch the cancer thru testing, rather than finding out two years later when you feel a lump, why wouldn’t you? It’s always better to be safe than sorry.
There are four stages of breast cancer. The Stage 0 is noninvasive breast cancer, that is, carcinoma in situ with no affected lymph nodes or metastasis. Stage zero is the most favorable. Now Stage 1 breast cancer is less than two centimeters in greatest dimension and is only in the breasts. In Stage 2, the cancer is no larger than two centimeters but it has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The
In the story “The Fall of the House of Usher” written by Edgar Allen Poe, is widely acknowledged to be one of Poe’s finest and most representative tales. The character in the story all have a mysterious, dark, evil mood. The unnamed narrator visits the Usher family house after Roderick sends him an emotional letter begging him to come. While he seems skeptical of the supernatural and tries to find rational explanations for the disconcerting things happening around him, the narrator finds himself growing increasingly disturbed by the house crumble and fall into a small lake. The narrator has been described as an objective witness to the events in the story, with some suggesting he represents rationality. Madeline Usher the twin sister of Roderick