Breast Cancer Essay

triple negative breast cancer subgroup. Nuclear Ki-67 expression in both the large cohort group (n=101) and

As the cells change, it begins to divide rapidly causing a tumor to form. The term “breast cancer” refers to a malignant tumor that has developed from cells in the breast. Breast cancer can begin in different areas of the breast, or in some cases, the tissues in between. There are many different types of breast cancer, including non-invasive, invasive, recurrent, metastatic breast cancer, as well as the intrinsic or molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in around 20-30% of breast cancer tumors. It is associated with a more aggressive disease, higher recurrence rate, and increased mortality.

CDK7 inhibition was a highly selective and potent means to disrupt expression of a key cluster of genes. This study demonstrates that inhibition of transcription is an effective strategy to target highly aggressive breast cancers such as TNBC with high genetic heterogeneity and lacking obvious ‘driver’ oncogenes. Further studies will be required to determine whether these observations will translate to clinical treatment of

Breast cancer is the number one cancer in women and the second most common cause of death among white, black, and Asian/Pacific Islander women (CDC, 2016, para. 1). Being diagnosed with breast cancer elicits a variety

During the course of breast cancer treatments, most patients will undergo radiotherapy. Many women who undergo radiation therapy may develop a skin reaction in the area receiving radiation. The reaction is like sunburn, the skin turns pink or red and there also maybe peeling. The effect of deodorant on breast cancer therapy has generated significant interest in Oncology and in the scientific community. While the exact mechanism linking deodorant use to skin toxicity is yet to be determined there are two hypothesis. One hypothesis involves deodorant acting to increase the concentration of the radiation applied to skin and the other focuses on an adverse reaction between the metallic components and the external radiotherapy. Hardefeldt, Edirimanne,

Two years ago, my grandmother was diagnosed with stage four breast cancer. One year ago, my family and I were informed that she only had a year to live at the most. For months we've sat on the edges of our seats, watching her go through hard times to even more difficult times and wondering what moment would be the last. It was this fall that we realized these past few months would be our last with her.

It is known that cancer, in general, is a group of diseases that is characterized by the out-of-control growth and spread of a group of abnormal cells, which can often times result in death. More specifically, breast cancer is a hormonally dependent disease, which causes malignancy in the epithelial cells of the ducts and/or lobules of the breast (Lippman, 2012). Therefore, “women without functioning ovaries, who never receive estrogen-replacement therapy, do not develop breast cancer” (Lippman, 2012).

Cancer lies resting in all of us; all the living organisms such as our bodies are consistently making defective cells1. This is how tumors are developed. Our bodies are provided with a number of mechanisms that can detect and keep such cells in check1. Breast Cancer (BC), is the most common malignancy found in women worldwide, and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality2. These breast tumors are made up of different characteristics of breast cancer cells3. However, toxicity and chemoresistance are the main reasons that limit the treatments in BC cases to become successful4. Major treatment strategies for breast cancer consist of either radiotherapy, surgery and/or chemotherapy2. The chances of surviving when patients receive

Chemotherapy is the gold standard that frequently used to lessen symptoms in patients with advanced breast cancer and reduce the risk of return in patients with localized breast cancer. In principle, chemotherapy involves the administration of chemical agents that target proliferating cancer cells. The aim of chemotherapy is to shift the balance of cell proliferation to one of cell death or apoptosis (Moulder et al., 2008; Pohl et al., 2008). Chemotherapeutic agents can be given in an adjuvant form post-primary treatment (after surgery, anti-hormone therapy, and radiation) to reduce the risk of recurrence or to offer remedy care in patients with the advanced metastatic disease. In contrast, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is given before primary treatment

Materials and Methods Patients In this retrospective study, performed across 4 oncology centers in Saudi Arabia and Egypt, we evaluated 280 women who were diagnosed with unilateral early breast cancer from between March 2010 and October 2013. Patients received standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy (6-8 cycles of an anthracycline and Ttaxane-containingregimen) with or without trastuzumab according to the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. After excluding patients who underwent breast conservative surgery because of a possible high incidence of recurrence, the included patients underwent modified radical mastectomy with axillary clearance followed by local radiotherapy with/without hormonal treatment for Candide patients,

     Two forms of cancer affect the breast they are ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma. Ductal carcinoma the commonest form of breast cancer, begins in the lining of the breast’s ducts. The thin tubes connecting various parts of the breast and which lead to the nipple. Lobular carcinoma is found in the breast’s lobules.

A study conducted by Dr. Lineberger of the University of North Carolina on the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer progression noted that, “The development of breast cancer is thought to occur through a multi-step process. The majority of breast cancers

Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer found in women. The main prognostic factor for the condition is tumor characteristics. A tumor with a length larger than 2cm, with negative estrogen and progesterone reports and axillary nodal involvement decreases the patient’s survival rate. Approximately between 8% and 10% of women diagnosed with breast cancer will present a reappearance of cancer and around 15% will later develop distant metastases in other parts of the body.

However, for diagnosis purpose oestrogen, progesterone and HER2 antigen usually used. This marker helps to check the advancement of cancer and treatment to be carried out. Meanwhile, to estimate the outcome of the breast cancer progressiveness, the tumour marker that might involve is CA 15-3 and CA 27.29. Treatment that shows a positive outcome, the reference of serum sample will decrease subsequently. If the value of tumour marker test keeps on maintain high amount, there are chances that the treatment is not working and should be changed with another type of treatment. In addition, for early stage breast cancer that has healed, this tumour marker cannot be used to detect any recurrence cases. Thus, imaging tests can be used to rule out any recurrence breast

Hereby, the gene expression profiling has identified four major breast cancer subtypes which are luminal A, luminal B, HER-2 related and basal-like. Luminal cancers express hormone receptors (ER) while the HER2 subtypes overexpress HER2 gene products, besides luminal B cancers often have lower expression levels of hormone receptors and higher proliferative rates. The basal-like and HER2 groups are more likely identified as hormone receptor-negative breast cancers. Moreover, they are mostly estrogen receptor (ER) negative, progesterone receptor (PR) negative, lack HER2 protein