Breast Cancer : General Background

Studies shows men are diagnosed with breast cancer contrary to the perception that this disease is solely diagnose in women. What is breast cancer in men? Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts from cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that may grow into (invade) surrounding tissues or spread metastasize to distance of the body (Article 1).Women Manly have breast cancer but men can get it also. Some people doesn’t realize that men have breast tissues and that can develop breast cancer. The breast is made up mainly of lobules (glands) that can produce milk if the right hormones are present. Around the age 9 and 10 girls and boys have a small amount of tissue which is called a Ducts which is located under the nipples and areola (Area around the nipple). Puberty girl’s ovaries make females hormones causing breast ducts to grow.

Breast cancer is a common and potentially fatal form of cancer that affects both men and women. Different patients are given different types of treatment depending on their stage. There are also steps that people can take to not only detect, but also to prevent being affected by breast cancer. Breast cancer treatments have made great leaps forward, allowing both genders to have expectations of victory over the disease. Although breast cancer today has affected many lives among females and males, with the advancements in science and technology, it can be beaten.

Roughly one in eight women in the United States will develop an invasive breast cancer in their lifetime. In 2016, a projected 246,660 new cases of invasive breast cancer are estimated to be detected, along with an additional 61,000 new cases of non-invasive breast cancer. There are greater than 2.8 million women with a diagnosis of breast cancer in the United States, including women presently being treated and women who have completed treatment. Research developments over the past twenty years have ultimately altered the prognosis of breast cancer care. In recent years, there has been an eruption of life-saving advances against breast cancer. Death rates have declined approximately thirty-six percent, believed to be the product of treatment advancement and earlier detection. This paper is intended for those breast cancer patients who are considering breast-conservation surgery, also known as lumpectomy, followed by intracavitary radiation brachytherapy. Patients must be at least forty years old, with a single primary tumor less than three centimeters, negative surgical margins by at least two millimeters, and be without lymph nodal involvement, to be considered candidates for this form of treatment. Radiation therapy is a highly precise and effective way to extinguish minuscule cancer cells that may have been neglected or undetected during surgery. Radiation is often delivered after breast-conserving surgery to reduce the risk that the cancer will recur in the

Unfortunately, as most of us know cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in our society. Breast Cancer is the second leading cause of death in women in the United States, next to lung cancer and also the most common cancer diagnosed in women. Over one million people are diagnosed with cancer every year in the U.S. alone. As many people are aware of today, due to uncontrolled growth of cells within in the body, cancer is developed through this. During class Dr. Weilert asked us whether we knew anyone that had cancer, suffered with some form of cancer or are now in remission. I was shocked to see that about 80% of the class did know someone. Since there has been an ongoing investigation and ongoing research for the cure of cancer, it is now known that there are over one hundred different types of cancer. In this paper I will discuss; the natural history, pathophysiology, the signs & symptoms, the diagnoses and finally share some statistics surrounding breast cancer within the United States.

The color pink, ribbons, 5k runs, mammograms, and the month of October all have one thing in common: breast cancer awareness. Breast cancer begins when a tumor is formed in the tissues of the breasts. “A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that grow in the breast, for example, or surrounding tissues and spreads to distant areas of the body” (American Cancer Society, 2014). The tumor travels to surrounding tissues by blood cells. Breast cancer is more likely to develop in women than men. Depending on the individual, some signs and symptoms can be seen while others may not show any signs and symptoms. Individuals should be aware of certain precautions to reduce the chance of developing the disease. Radiologic sciences and advancement in technology makes early detection and treatment possible for individuals that become diagnosed with breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a type of cancer where a malignant tumor is formed in the breast, which continually grows and infects the surrounding tissues [1]. This type of cancer is the most common type of cancer found in women. On average about 26% of women developed breast cancer in 2015 [2]. There are multiple signs and symptoms that can help one become aware if they have the disease. The most prominent key feature is the presence of a lump in your breast or armpit. Such signs may be indicative of breast cancer. In addition changes in the breast and the skin around it are also good indicators. So if the skin around your breast as well as the surrounding nipple becomes puckered or dimpled, it is recommended to go and consult a physician. The inverting or crusting of the nipple may also present as symptoms. However, these are all early onset signs. If the cancer has been in your body for a longer period of time, one might experience things such as bone pain, nausea, weight loss, shortness of breath etc. This is usually an indicative point that the cancer has spread to different parts of the body. If the cancer continues to persist in the body without treatment, it can result in various detrimental effects. The symptoms one may already have are likely to worsen with the addition of new symptoms. Though every cancer differs in its effects and symptoms, the ideology behind it remains the same in that the body is unable to control cell division. Therefore, the cancer will continue to grow

Breast cancers occurs when genetic mutations, or somatic mutations, that metastasized in critical genes allow buildups of cells to grow undisciplined and embody a tumor. In addition to genetic deformities, researchers have identified gender, age, ethnicity, family cancer history, similar mutations in breast tissue, and excess hormones as leading causes of genetic mutations that lead to breast cancer. Some breast cancers that exist in several generations of family are associated with inherited mutations in particular genes.

Before going in depth, let us first define what breast cancer is. According to the National Breast Cancer.Org “Cancer is a broad term for a class of diseases characterized by abnormal cells that grow and invade healthy cells in the body. Breast cancer starts in the cells of the breast as a group of cancer cells that can then invade surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to other areas of the body.” Cancer begins in the cells which are the basic building blocks that make up tissue. Tissue is found in the breast and other parts of the body. Sometimes, the process of cell growth goes wrong and new cells form when the body doesn’t need them and old or damaged cells do not die as they should. When this occurs, a build up of cells often forms a mass of tissue called a lump, growth or tumor.

According to Cuppett and Walsh (2012), common areas where “cancer of the breast originates are in the breast ducts and lobules” (p. 214). These two areas of the breast are involved in the movement of milk to the nipple. Multiple lobules create a lobe which then transports breast milk to the ducts where the milk then can be moved to the nipple (Cuppett & Walsh, 2012). Also, Cuppett and Walsh discussed that “three major types of breast cancer are described on the basis of their location of origin and histology” (p.214). These three major types of breast cancer are lobular cancer, ductal cancer, and inflammatory breast cancer (Cuppett & Walsh, 2012). When diagnosed with breast cancer a patient may have received a mammography or self-examination.

The human body is made of about 37 trillion cells, which work together in collaboration to keep your body functioning correctly. When a cancer or a disease attacks healthy cells, it overtakes the entire cell’s functions and rapidly multiplies into other corrupt cells. It is very important to the safety of a person’s life to be educated on the effects of cancer and how to detect them, because it is a wildfire like disease, once it has spread it is extremely hard to control. Breast cancer intrigues me because I have a high risk of getting this cancer due to my family history; from my great aunts to aunts to my own mother. They have shown strength and courage in defeating every bad cell that comes through their pathway. This report is to inform the reader on the history of breast cancer, the types of breast cancer, how it is diagnosed, treatment methods and future prevention methods.

Wilbert zwart, Huub Terra et al (2015) conducted study on cognitive effects of endocrine therapy for breast cancer. The number of breast cancer survivors is gradually increasing and subset of these patients experience long term adverse effects of adjuvant systemic therapy, including cognitive decline surprisingly, relatively little is known about the long term adverse effective of endocrine treatment on cognition. A 75% of all patients with breast cancer are eligible to receive hormonal treatment, understanding the potential Neuro cognitive effect of such therapy is of utmost importance. The decline of cognitive functions can have a detrimental impact on quality of life and might interfere with independent living. This Review discusses the

Situation: Breast cancer is a devastating disease that has continued to take many lives throughout the years. This form of cancer is the second most cause of death after heart disease and while synonymous with women, breast cancer can also develop in men. However, breast cancer in men is very rare and it is estimated that only 150 men are diagnosed with breast cancer in New York each year as opposed to their female counterparts, of which an estimated number of 15,000 women are diagnosed each year. As it currently stands, the state of New York has a higher incidence rate of breast cancer than most states within the United States. Studies have indicated that New York residents living upstate have higher cancer rates than those downstate.

It is commonly known that Breast Cancer is one of the most insidious diseases that mankind has had to deal with. With the discovery of the BRCA1( BReast Cancer gene one) and BRCA2 (BReast Cancer gene two) genes, breast cancer can be detected with a great amount of certainty on a genetic level in some women and men. 40,000 women and men die of breast cancer each year. Knowing this it is very important to try to detect the mutation in the gene as early as possible. In the United States alone between 1 in 800 people are diagnosed with the BRCA gene mutation. However, among the Ashkenazi jews,( jews from primarily eastern european decent) men and women are about one in forty to have the mutation. Even though battling this disease provides many challenges to those afflicted, advancement in treatment and in research have increased the ability to survive tremendously.

Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer found in women. The main prognostic factor for the condition is tumor characteristics. A tumor with a length larger than 2cm, with negative estrogen and progesterone reports and axillary nodal involvement decreases the patient’s survival rate. Approximately between 8% and 10% of women diagnosed with breast cancer will present a reappearance of cancer and around 15% will later develop distant metastases in other parts of the body.

Breast cancer (BC) is a world health problem which is known to be the second most deadly malignancy in women (Veronesi et al., 2005;Alvarez.,2010;DeSantis et al., 2014). In 2010, annually worldwide 115 million patients have breast cancer resulting in 410,000 deaths (Kennecke et al., 2010) according to world cancer research fund international in 2012 nearly 1.7 million new cases diagnosed. This represents about 12% of all new cancer cases and 25% of all cancers in women. (Ferlay J et al., 2012 ). In 2014 Egypt represent the highest rates in the Middle East and North Africa around 18%.