Breast Cancer Patients Treated With Endocrine Therapy

Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease occurring in women in Saudi society. After study and research, it found that two-thirds of the injuries in the Saudi society are diagnosed in advanced stages. The reasons for that are the lack of education for necessary of Self-examination and clinical examination annual, leading to the spread of the disease further. In addition to genetic changes, environmental pollution, bad lifestyle , Obesity ,Lack of exercise are also factors that helped in the spread of the disease. The delayed age of marriage and lack of breastfeeding are the risk factors for breast cancer(1,10,14).Early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer is important for successful treatment selection , and increase mortality rate of breast cancer.

An effective breast cancer treatment in some women can be traced to the root of the disease. Some of the most aggressive form of breast cancers are caused by a transmembrane receptor protein known as Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) which is a member of the HER family of receptor tyrosine kinase. Approximately 20,000 HER2 receptor are normally expressed on surface of healthy breast cell however, in about 25% of breast cancer cells the HER2 protein is overexpressed resulting in tumour cells with as many as over 2 million receptors present on their surface. This cancer is known as HER2 positive (HER2+). The effect of HER2 overexpression is an increase in receptor mediated intracellular signalling causing the cell

A recent prospective study has demonstrated a substantial rate of discordance in hormone receptor status (40% discordance in ER/PgR status and 8% discordance in Her2 status) between primary and suspected metastatic lesions in women with breast cancer. This study has also linked changes in hormone receptor status with impact on management, and proved that 20% of patients had a significant change in their management plan (Simmons et al,

The methods of obtaining the cancerous epithelial samples from various areas was a clear way of observing both the level of amplification of CCND1 and the presence of cancer within those tumors or samples. The FISH technique was fitting to localize the specific DNA sequences related to the cause and effect of amplification. Epithelial tissues which contained some development of cancer cells were studied. The researchers used samples that were stored at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, making sure to used samples from areas distant from one another (Burandt, et. al). Taking samples from various areas helped to further see the effect of various amount of amplification of the protein and how it affected the epithelial tissues at different stages.

In this research paper, the experimental design was based around the relationship to CCND1 to breast cancer. CCND1 is present during the G1 phase of the mitosis cell cycle. Which occurs right before the S phase. If the CCND1 has a malfunction then the rest of the cell cycle will not finish off correctly into normal functioning cells. The research paper also noted that tumor heterogeneity is a critical issue and there is a hard time treating the tumors because it rejects most of the cell therapy treatments.

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor in the glandular tissues of the breast. Such tumors, also called carcinomas, form when the chemical processes that control normal cell growth break down, enabling a single abnormal cell to multiply at a rapid rate (Hickman). Carcinomas,

This paper will explain to you an in depth description of an illness that has taken several lives: Breast Cancer. Not only will it inform you about what it is, but also how it is diagnosed, the process the disease goes through, what body systems are affected, signs and symptoms, how it is treated, and the prognosis. My information was located on the internet by using credible sources in order to create and accurate report over the illness. I used websites such as breastcancer.org and nationalbreastcancer.org for accurate results with credible sources. I selected this topic because I know of several women who have suffered from this disease. As a woman, I think it is important to be educated on this particular type of cancer since it is so common in women today. This paper will give an idea of how common it is and the risks every woman has of acquiring breast cancer.

Proteins belongs to diverse class of macromolecules made of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids that provide structure and support to cell (1). These proteins are encoded by specific genes to carry out the cell cycle progression (3). CDK2 gene encodes a protein which belongs to Ser/Thr protein kinase family (3). This complex is necessary for G2/M and G1/S phase conversions of cell cycle in eukaryotes (4). Cyclin dependent 2 kinase, a protein encoding gene is associated with several diseases such as breast cancer and star syndrome (1). Cdk2 was better understood in S. cerevisiaeas model organism with 75 targets of cdk2 controlling transcriptional regulation, replication, morphogenesis and segregation (1). CDK2 is well known to bring some dynamic effects in the 3D representation of proteins (2).

Breast cancer metastases are defined when the localised breast cancer spreads to distant sites beyond the breast and axillary lymph nodes. The main sites for breast cancer metastasises include lymph nodes, bone, brain, liver and the lungs (Uematsu, et al 2005). The process of breast cancer metastases is as follows. Firstly, the primary tumour undergoes cell division and growth. This then causes the invasion of the primary tumour into the basement membrane tissue surrounding the cell. The tumour than moves into the bloodstream and/or lymph channels

Breast cancer affects so many women around the world. Even with the technology and medicine we have today to treat this deadly disease, the pain a patient experiences with breast cancer is still relentless. Pain comes from either progression of the disease or a side effect from treatment. In this article they talk about the role of the WHO’s three step analgesic ladder and how the administration of opioids for breast cancer patients experiencing pain effect ones psychological state and their quality of life. Since many patients experience negative side effects from opioids, there becomes a need to develop therapeutic modalities. Overall, the main purpose of the article was to focus on current treatments that provide pain management for

Tamoxifin selectively and competitively bind/block estrogen receptor resulting in inhibition of estrogen mediated gene expression and proliferation thereby suppressing growth of tumor in breast tissues. Although Tamoxifen is highly efficient in its performance but recently it has been demonstrated that patients with all stages of ER positive breast cancer become immune to Tamoxifen under prolonged Tamoxifen treatment. The mechanism of this resistance is still not clear however; recently workers have demonstrated that Tamoxifen effect is overridden by increase in other growth factor signaling pathways. This Tamoxifen override can be rescued by inhibiting growth factor signaling pathways. Cumulative clinical studies suggests that the most common growth factors associated with Tamoxifen resistance include overexpression of EGFR, HER-2, and elevated levels of Akt or ERK in few cases if not all. In vivo studies have shown overexpression of HER-2 in 10% of Tamoxifen treated ER positive breast cancers, one mechanism of Tamoxifin resistance where Tamoxifen acts as estrogen and activates HER-2 which in turn phosphorylates ER and A1B1 (SRC3) protein, leading to proliferation of cells. Stress and/or signaling pathways also contribute to Tamoxifen resistance. Studies support the hypothesis that phosphorylated members of jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and mitogen- activated protein kinase (MAPK) also contribute to Tamoxifen

Cancer lies resting in all of us; all the living organisms such as our bodies are consistently making defective cells1. This is how tumors are developed. Our bodies are provided with a number of mechanisms that can detect and keep such cells in check1. Breast Cancer (BC), is the most common malignancy found in women worldwide, and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality2. These breast tumors are made up of different characteristics of breast cancer cells3. However, toxicity and chemoresistance are the main reasons that limit the treatments in BC cases to become successful4. Major treatment strategies for breast cancer consist of either radiotherapy, surgery and/or chemotherapy2. The chances of surviving when patients receive

There are four stages of breast cancer. The Stage 0 is noninvasive breast cancer, that is, carcinoma in situ with no affected lymph nodes or metastasis. Stage zero is the most favorable. Now Stage 1 breast cancer is less than two centimeters in greatest dimension and is only in the breasts. In Stage 2, the cancer is no larger than two centimeters but it has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The

Of late, the endocrine therapy has failed to some extent in treating the patients’ with hormone- sensitive breast cancer because the tumors have developed expertise to flee from the endocrine therapy( Martin 2003), thus developing resistance. Some reasons for obtaining such resistance is due to the upregulation

Eradication of cancer is one of the key challenges for medicine in the 21st century, breast cancer being the most common type of cancer in women, worldwide (Arteaga and Baselga, 2012, Vidal et al., 2012 and Weinstein et al., 1997).Breast cancers are classified on the basis of expression of hormone receptors i.e., Estrogen receptor, Progesterone receptor and HER2. The subtypes are as follows: