Brexit : A National Identity In Europe

Present day Australia is met with the issue of outlining a sense of a nationwide community, after the breakdown of the British race patriot idea in the mid-1960s with the introduction of multiculturalism. The Euro-centric perception of Australia was annulled and it was incapable in playing a significant part in Australian policies and priorities. It triggered a calamity of national identity and meaning. The credence that Australian’s were apart of Britain, united by history, tradition and blood needed to be revised. A people who had recognized themselves so strongly with the British race now had to accede their race awareness and apprehend the notion of being a now multicultural society. The dawn of multiculturalism also provoked a quandary for balancing a respect of the British heritage with the abating relevance of the British connection and to construct a new language of community from the residues of the old British ways.

Tony Blair introduced me to politics. Taken by my parents to protest in London against the Iraq war I experienced the inability of national politics and international relations to be mutually exclusive concepts. Key issues such as the growing refugee crisis, the debate regarding Britain’s place in Europe and trade agreements such as TTIP all have national and international implications. Britain’s political sovereignty has been eroded by Unions, Agreements and world events. This opens up the debate as to where power is concentrated. A more controversial debate would address whether national and global decisions are in fact being made by politicians at all, or if global corporations impose greater power. Regardless of this nihilistic view, the

With diminishing control of what happens in Britain, the British people decided it was best to vacate the union. The British were dealing with the laws given by the European members who were not living and experiencing the country themselves. To provide an example of a ghastly law given to the British people, they, as part of the European Union, were only allowed to catch 20% of the fish swimming in British territorial waters. What this meant was that tens of thousands of jobs were lost and they were not able to use one of the most significant resources given to them, as Britain is surrounded by ocean. Nigel Farage, Leader of the UK Independence Party, says that his fellow Englishmen, “effectively gave away the ability to look after one of our greatest resources to a bureaucracy based in Brussels.” Because of the way the government was set up, “Not only could the voters not change anything, but the institutes themselves are incapable of reform.” With an already maimed government, the European Union was creating more problems than it was solving. The British people had enough of giving up their rights as British citizens so the European Commission could tell them how to live. Therefore, with problems like those arising from the Union and with no hope to resolve them, Britain filed for secession and pulled out of the union

Britain has changed quite significantly over the past few decades in terms of cultural diversity. Whereas Britain was largely white not so long ago, the number of ethnic minorities has been steadily increasing and this growth does not look likely to stop anytime soon. Demographic experts have, infact, predicted that by 2050, 1 in every 5 British person will belong to an ethnic minority. The question issue I will be discussing in the following essay is: what effect does this influx of immigrants and their cultures have on the social integrity of Britain and its people?

Within the frames of the new reality, those immigrants face myriad problems associated with finding their way to cope with the assumed expectations and identifying their relatively split identities. This leads to a multi-level conflict that results from the conception or definition of national identity according to the visionary of state versus the socio-cultural diversity reflected in real life.

Multiculturalism has split our society. Political correctness is stifling free speech”, states the Ukip manifesto. Their “Pocket Guide to Immigration” promises to “end support for multiculturalism and promote one, common British culture”. After attracting some negative publicity, it has disappeared.

The challenges of identity in the English-speaking world are many. Depending on what country someone is raised in, the belief and culture will be different. There is a lot of migration caused by war and terror. The people who run from war are mostly from the Mid-East, and they usually end up in Western countries where there are completely different cultures. There is a lot of discussion around the topic of immigration. There are always questions as to what way a country should approach the immigrant situation, and if it is safe to have two completely different cultures living side by side. Many people, especially in Britain, means that all immigrants should assimilate as quickly as possible.

The question I seek to answer in this essay is whether the Scottish Referendum for Independence from 18th September 2014 (hereafter referred as “the 2014 Referendum”) was indeed a process that can give account to legitimacy. This essay will look at legitimacy as being a moral claim set by our own culture. It will also explore the meaning of “overall legitimacy” of the 2014 Referendum and if individual claims of citizens are in conflict with it. Furthermore, it will argued that the political discourse of Alex Salmond and of the Scottish National Party as a whole, was detrimental to the Scottish civil society as it facilitated its division.

Immigration became a significant part of society in the post-war period, it redefined the public’s perception regarding culture and attitudes in society. Despite this, it is worth noting that immigration was not a new phenomenon in 1945. Britain had welcomed refugees in the past, notably the Irish who became one of the largest groups throughout the 20th century. Many Europeans also sought refuge in Britain, for example German refugees who fled to Britain in 1930 ; Peter Fryer notes on the existing black community in Britain since the 16th century. However, the level of immigration after 1945 was enough to redefine British culture and created an exclusive national identity by where ‘Britishness’ is now recognised through the colour of your skin. Race as a concept has also transformed, with culture being a major element in British society. Politics has also had a major influence, with the introduction of immigration laws bringing equality among Britain’s citizens, although this could highlight the opinions of the public with the need for legislation to be introduced. The economy thrived with immigration, noting on the Windrush which allowed the empty gaps in employment to be filled. However, despite the progress that has been made due to immigration, the reaction of the people wasn’t always as positive, subsequently leading to racial tensions and a lack of respect among the people for immigration. These aspects are very significant when discussing the development of

A clear national identity leads to a strong sense of national pride and patriotism (Hauss 2003), which in turn leads to higher rates of happiness, cohesion and stability among the country’s inhabitants (Write and Reeskens 2011). A lack of a clear national identity causes displaced people to quickly become isolated in a new homeland, as the country was unable to present the displaced person with a sense of belonging. This sense of belonging is “something more than just residence or vague opportunity or even welfare benefits,” (Daley 2007). Without a clear national identity, a country while not necessarily in a state of active distress does feel slightly uneasy at the thought of having nothing clear and tangible to show to not only the inhabitants of the country, but also the world. Australia is one such country; the country has not invented a clear national identity. A national identity is just an invention; it is an important invention that symbolises a country and everything it stands for. In order to signify her growth as a nation, Australia needs to invent a clear national identity that all Australians can feel proud standing behind.

The question of identity is always a difficult one for those living in a culture or group, yet belonging to another. This difficulty frequently remains in the mind of most immigrants, especially the second generations who were born in a country other than their parents. Younger generations feel as if they are forced to change to fit the social standards despite previous culture or group. Furthermore those who wish to adopt a new identity of a group or culture haven't yet been fully accepted by original members due to their former identity.

Nationalism is the idea that a people who have much in common, such as language, culture and geographic proximity ought to organize in such a way that it creates a stable and enduring state. Nationalism is tied to patriotism, and it is the driving force behind the identity of a culture. Nationalism had many effects in Europe from 1815, The Congress of Vienna and beyond. In the following essay I will describe many of the consequences of nationalism on European identity, as well as some of the conflicts that it created.

Migrants are defined as all those who were born outside the UK and were known as ‘aliens’ or ‘foreigners’. Kostakopoulou calls this assumption into question, arguing that ‘aliens’ are by definition outside the bounds of the community by virtue of a circular reasoning which takes for granted the existence of bounded national communities, and that this which takes for granted the existence of bounded national communities, and that this process of collective self-definition is deeply political and historically dated. The composition of the current UK migrant population has of course been conditioned by immigration policy over the past 50 years. Immigration has become a major debate across the UK, with many different reasons given for and

Literature review: In September 2017 Thomas Sampson from The London School of Economics and Political Science wrote a Literature on Brexit. The title of the literature was Brexit: The Economics of International Disintegration. In this literature review I will briefly summarise the literature wrote by Thomas Sampson.

As the majority of people have different definitions of the word multiculturalism as well as different views on the cultural and political impacts, I will put forward the different views throughout the chosen texts. As stated in the text ‘The successes and failures of multiculturalism’, the author defines the idea of multiculturalism as “the essence of multiculturalism is the idea that, if one makes immigrants feel welcome by allowing them to retain their culture and by seeking to address discrimination against them.” (Manning, A. 2011, page 1) This text argues that the apprehension about multiculturalism is interconnected to the conviction that in the United Kingdom, not all the minority groups that are living here consider themselves to be British, due to their ethnicity. In the table showing the Percentages Reporting a British National Identity by Ethnicity, on the second page of the ‘The successes and failures of multiculturalism’ text written by Alan Manning in 2011, it is shown that each different ethnic minority group have certain percentage of their population living in the United Kingdom that consider themselves to be British nationals, whether they were born in the United Kingdom, or abroad. Though the percentages diverge between each minority group, there are still a large number of people that consider themselves as British Nationals (Manning,