The Effect of Ethanol on the Viability of Artemia salina as Environmental Indicators
Biology 151 Laboratory
ABSTRACT Artemia salina are used as environmental indicator species. They are used to test changes in their environment. A. salina is sensitive to toxins, temperature, and drugs. For the experiment, cysts were put into different amounts of ethanol alcohol and their viability was measured. The hypothesis used was if there is more ethanol alcohol, then the viability of the brine shrimp is unfavorable. The brine shrimp were put into sixteen Petri dishes with the same amount of brine solution. Different amounts of ethanol alcohol were added to each Petri dish. After 168 hours, the brine shrimp were
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However, treatment four, 0.1296 (±0.608), represents that the mean was extraneous from what it should be (Table 1). The t-tests show how different the mean is in each treatment.
DISCUSSION The development of A. salina will be unfavorable if exposed to too much ethyl alcohol. Treatment two and three have more ethanol alcohol than treatment one and more brine shrimp died when put into more ethanol alcohol. Since the viability was less than the viability in treatment one, the hypothesis was supported. Treatment four was the constant and had no ethanol alcohol which less cysts died when compared to treatment two and three, but when compared to treatment one, more had died, The importance of calculating the average results is that the data would be more accurate instead of using one set of data or trial. In case there was an error during the experiment, the average would be representative. The average also specifies that there is some flexibility within the original data. In controlled experiments, averages and replicate samples can replace the error in the data that shows inconsistency. This experiment can be enhanced in many ways. The amount of alcohol used as treatments could be lessened to measure the viability of A. salina more accurately. The amount of cysts in each Petri dish was not consistent because there
The following tests according to the lab manual were performed: gram stain, fermentation tubes, methyl red, vogues proskauer, sulfur, indole, motility and growing it up on MacConkey agar. The gram stain was performed incorrectly the first time. This is because the decolorizer was not on the bacterium slide for long enough, giving a false outcome.
If hatching viability is affected by the amount of motor oil in the environment of the brine shrimp eggs, then when the amount of motor oil is increased the hatching viability will decrease.
This report presents the physiological changes in the heart rate of a fresh water crustacean Daphnia magna when exposed to caffeine and alcohol. Different Daphnia magnas were placed in a depression slide containing fresh water and later exposed to solutions of caffeine and alcohol. Each Daphnia magna had different responses. These data suggest there is an increase in heart rate when a Daphnia magna is exposed to caffeine and a decrease in heart rate when it is in a solution of alcohol.
This experiment was centered on metabolic and biochemical testing procedures. The rationale of performing these tests was to distinguish six different microbes from one another and to compare how their metabolic and biochemical processes differ from species to species to determine the unknown sample.
Brine Shrimp are a micro-crustacean that is found mostly in inland saltwater bodies, however, the salinity levels that they live in vary greatly. The conditions that they require can be made at home as the eggs (cysts) of the shrimp are dry, hard shells that can withstand drought and go without water for up to 50 years. This study presents the results of 3 different salinity levelled environments to the Brine shrimp in order to discover a salinity level that produces the most successful hatching rate. By filling 3 Petri dishes with 20mL’s of purified water, each dish contained varying sodium chloride amounts from 15ppt, 25ppt, and
4) Discuss the implications of changing the level of significance to a larger value. What mistakes or error could increase if the level of significance in
In the beginning of lab, we were advised to obtain a nutrient agar petri plate, which is used for the cultivation of microbes supporting growth of non-fastidious organisms. Since it contains many nutrients, a wide variety of bacteria and fungi can grow. Taking the plate,
The purpose of this lab was to answer the question, “Of the saline solutions of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% sodium chloride (NaCl), which solution will yield the highest hatching viability for the brine shrimp?” The hypothesis was that the saline solution most precise to the concentration of NaCl in seawater, which is approximately 3.5%, will yield the highest hatching viability. Therefore, the 2% NaCl solution will yield the highest hatching viability.
The Artemia franciscana can survive in extreme conditions of salinity, water depth, and temperature (Biology 108 laboratory manual, 2010), but do A. franciscana prefer these conditions or do they simply cope with their surroundings? This experiment explored the extent of the A. franciscanas preference towards three major stimuli: light, temperature, and acidity. A. franciscana are able to endure extreme temperature ranges from 6 ̊ C to 40 ̊ C, however since their optimal temperature for breeding is about room temperature it can be inferred that the A. franciscana will prefer this over other temperatures (Al Dhaheri and Drew, 2003). This is much the same in regards to acidity as Artemia franciscana, in general thrive in
Fresh cell homogenate of G. semen collected from Lake Jelino (“FH” treatments) with chl-a range: 894 – 3576 mg m-3, caused distinct negative effect on Daphnia survival (Fig. 2.). It increased with the increasing biomass of alga and time of exposure. At lower chl-a concentrations (894 and 1778 mg m-3) the survival rate averaged 40% – 70 % after 24 h and 20 % – 30 % after 48 and 72 h of exposure. However, the addition of the most concentrated and fresh G.semen homogenized biomass (chl-a: 3576 mg m-3) caused 100% Daphnia mortality already after
This experiment investigated the effects of changing temperate and salinity on the heart rate of Daphnia sp.. The hypothesis states that the heart rate of Daphnia sp. will be significantly higher at 20oC compared to 10oC. Results showed that the heart rate of Daphnia sp. at a higher temperature correlates with an increased heart rate.
The experiment took place in a laboratory setting, and the first step was obtaining sixty individual Daphnia magna (that were neither adults nor tiny offspring) from a large tank in the lab. These individuals were equally divided into three groups; low density, medium density, and high density. The twenty Daphnia assigned to the low density group were split into four groups of five and pipetted into one of four tubes filled with 10mL of Chlamydomonas algae. The twenty Daphnia assigned to the medium density group were split into two groups of ten and placed into one of two tubes also filled up to 10mL with Chlamydomonas. The final twenty Daphnia were all placed into a single tube filled with 10mL of the algae. In order to avoid suffocation-related
Conclusion : Fails to reject the null hypothesis. The sample does not provide enough evidence to support the claim that mean is significantly different from 12 .
Diplozoidae are economically important to Cyprinidae and a few Characidae by feeding on their blood and damaging their gill tissues (Kawatsu, 1978). Damage includes heamorrhages and ulceration of host epithelium, development of epithelial outgrowths and production of excessive amounts of mucus which can disturb the respiratory function of the gills (Erasmus and Chapman, 1972 and Ukoli, 1984) Heavy infection can lead to anemia in cases of those that are blood feeding (Kawatsu, 1978; Erasmus and Chapman 1972 and Chapman et al.,
After 3 days in the diluted seawater the crab’s haemolymph Sodium levels were significantly lower (p<0.001) than the crabs stored in full strength seawater as seen in figure 3. There was no significant difference between the mean haemolymph Sodium values of the three dilutions at 75%, 50% and 25%.