Bromotoluene Lab Report

What is the stereochemistry for the bromination of trans-cinnamic acid, and how is it formed?

In this experiment, 1,2-cyclohexene was taken and made it 1,2-cyclohexanediol in two separate reactions. Two products were formed in each respective reaction: cis-1, 2-cyclohexene and trans-1, 2-cyclohexanediol. To figure out which product was formed in each reaction, TLC was used to test the stereochemistry from the products compared to the actual compounds. Each retention factor was compared to the actual product retention factors to see if the reactions had been done properly.

When performing the experiment, the objective was to dehydrate the Barium Chloride and to find out the mass difference from when it was hydrated. Throughout the test, it was required to check the measurements of the crucible and cover for the original mass and to be able to see the difference between a hydrated and dehydrated molecule. The Barium Chloride is then placed on top of the Bunsen burner using a ring stand and carefully placing the flames under the crucible. After waiting for about 17 minutes, which would usually allow for the substance to heat up and evaporate all of the water found within it, the crucible had to cool down for about 10 minutes. After it has cooled down, the measurement would be taken again and would be less than

In this experiment, the main objective was to synthesize a ketone from borneol via an oxidation reaction and secondly, to produce a secondary alcohol from camphor via a reduction reaction. Therefore, the hypothesis of this lab is that camphor will be produced in the oxidation reaction and isoborneol will be the product of the reduction reaction because of steric hindrance. For the oxidation step, a reflux will be done and then a microscale reflux for the reduction step. The products will be confirmed using Infrared spectroscopy, the chromic acid test, 2,4-DNP test and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The results of this

The purposes of this experiment were to model a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction between potassium hydroxide (KOH) with 1-bromopropane and determine whether it follows a second-order rate law mechanism. A rate constant of 0.0684 M-1 min-1 was obtained for this reaction at 45.1°C, which was determined through equilibrating the reaction and performing titrations of 0.390 M KOH with 0.1000 M hydrochloric acid (HCl). The activation energy calculated from class data was 50.188 kJ/mol, which deviated largely from the literature range value of 72.80–83.76 kJ/mol. It was concluded that the reaction was consistent with the predicted SN2 mechanism, based on the regression of a trendline.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the pKa of the bromothymol blue (indicator) through absorption spectroscopy. Bromothymol blue being a monoprotic acid base indicator, displays different colors at different pH because of the differences in the ratio of the conjugated acid and base form. The fraction of conjugate acid and base was interpolated for the solutions through the acquired absorbance spectrum of the bromothymol blue at various pH. The rearranged form of Henderson Hasselbalch equation was graphed as a function of pH to determine the pKa of the indicator.

Determining how a mechanism comes to be is crucial as a scientist and arriving to conclusions is a crucial component which lead to examining and determining which mechanism takes place when two or more substrates are made to react. At the end of the experiment a mechanism was determined based on the purified product’s melting point. This was accomplished by having the reaction take place but also through acquiring the melting point and comparing the number to the melting point which was already established by the scientific community. (Q1) When 0.252 g of trans-cinnamic acid was mixed in 2.5 mL glacial acetic acid and 0.434g pyridinium tribromide was added, the resulting product reflects an addition reaction. In general, reactions take place to achieve its lowest Gibb’s free energy because it’s at

Atom economy was utilized to interrupt a reaction’s efficiency based on the use of reactant atoms. The atom economy for the bromination of toluene reaction was 63.32%, while the atom economy for the nitration of toluene reaction was 54.16%. The higher percentage in the bromination reaction indicated a more efficient reaction because more reactants yielded products completely, compared to the nitration reaction. The experimental PMI of the bromination reaction, with a value of 93.049, was high compared to the nitration of toluene reaction—with a value of 83.347. This represents that the bromination reaction was more wasteful because there was more material being used, compared to the products produced. However, bromination has a lower cost of waste and product compared to the nitration reaction by a couple dollars. When comparing the solvents of both reactions, the nitration reaction utilized more environmentally toxic solvents—such as nitric acid and sulfuric acid—compared to the bromination reaction. Therefore, the bromination reaction was a more green reaction

In class, we did some lab work using a sample of sodium bicarbonate undergoing a chemical change through heat temperature. By looking at the baking soda, we did not see any visual changes occurring because the substance by no means was harmed or altered by the fire. It was the same solid white powdery substance as it was before. Nevertheless, what happened was that the weight of the baking soda decreased from 3.2 grams from when it start to 2 grams at the end of the lab. However, when we checked one more time as we let it stay overnight, the mass was 2.42 grams. Therefore, there was not much of a difference except that the mass increased by a bit. This got me thinking that, it wasn’t going to be a good idea to use it for the actual mass as

For this lab is to isolate examples of two types of natural products terpenes and acetogenic. The properties of these two natural products will also be studied. For this experiment to happen a steam distillation and extraction of a weak organic acid will be used to isolate two natural products (limarene & eugenol) classification test will be used to provide the evidence for some functionality present in these structures. Limonene has a pleasant scent, its water-insoluble oil that's found in many plants (Organic Chemistry Experiment 2017). Limonene is spotted in concentrations in the range to 9700ppm which is 0.97% by weight in peels of citrus fruits (Organic Chemistry Experiment2017). For this lab Limonene was obtained by the steam distillation of orange peels and dichloromethane extraction of the orange peel. For eugenol a spicy- smelling phenol which is the main constituent of oil of cloves (Organic Chemistry Experiment 2017). Eugenol is widely used as dental analgesic, that's the smell of the dentist office. For this lab, eugenol will be obtained by a base extraction of clove oil.

Green chemistry reduces the risk of pollution at source level and it is enhanced to prevent waste rather than treat or clean up waste after it is formed. The principle focuses on choice of reagents which are ecofriendly. Although physical and chemical methods are quick and easier for nanoparticles synthesis the biological technique is better and ecofriendly [P.Tundo, 2000. S.M.Reed, 2000].

Green nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary, rapidly spreading knowledge at the interface of chemistry, physics, agriculture, medical, engineering and biological science. Green nanotechnology makes use of the principles of Green Chemistry, Green Engineering and Industrial Ecology to make nanoproducts without using the hazardous chemicals. Over the last few years an enhanced attention has been paid to the green chemistry processes, which helps to eliminate or minimize hazardous waste products to the mankind and his surroundings. Green Chemistry is the manipulation of sets of principles that helps to eliminate the reduction and assembly of harmful materials during the production and use of chemical products. Green chemistry is also known as ecological or clean chemistry because synthesis, handling and the use of chemicals that reduce risks to humanity and have a positive effect on the environment. It is a fast developing and a significant area of the chemical sciences. To justify the principles of green chemistry, numerous researches tried to eliminate the procedures of harmful chemicals and solvents by using natural material as an alternative of noxious substances (Pal

Green chemistry is the answer that scientist and environmentalist have been seeking. Green energy has been around for a while, now scientist, especially chemist have almost perfected the use of green chemistry. Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances.

This lab report identifies gas produced by chemical reactions and tests for oxygen, hydrogen or carbon dioxide.

Bromhexine is an expectorant [2,3]. It works by increasing mucus secretion and the volume of the sputum which is leading to a reduction of mucus viscosity [2,3]. Therefore, it aids in expectorating the phlegm