Bronchiolitis Research Papers

Acute bronchitis is one of the five top reasons to seek medical care in the United States. The incidence of acute bronchitis is typically higher in fall and winter season, accounting for 82% of the cases (Fayyaz, 2014). It affects full spectrum of population including any age group, gender and demographics. The incidence of acute bronchitis accounts for 36 million office visits annually (Blush, 2013). Although it can be seen in variety of patients, children tend to get acute bronchitis as many 6 times a year where as adults acquire about two to four on average every year (Blush, 2013). These

Bronchitis is the inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi, the airways that carry airflow from the trachea into the lungs. The thin mucus lining of these airways can become irritated and swollen; the cells that make up the lining may leak fluids in response to the inflammation. Bronchitis most often occurs during the cold and flu season usually coupled with an upper respiratory infection. Bronchitis can be divided into two categories: acute or chronic each of which has distinct etiologies, pathologies, and therapies. I chose this condition because it seemed like an interesting topic to research on, and I am also interested in learning more

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) develops as a result of an infant 's lungs becoming irritated or inflamed. It is considered a chronic lung disease. BPD progresses from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), usually with atelectasis, consolidation, and massive fibrosis. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is most common in premature infants who needed mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy to survive. Although life-saving, these treatments can also cause lung damage. BPD has been a severe chronic lung disease in premature infants, going back to 1967. Northway et al described it a lung injury in premature infants and the classic BPD had four stages. Each of the stages has radiographically and pathologically differences.

Respiratory disorder, mostly affect the upper or lower respiratory tract, however bacterial or viral infection are the causative agent and the disease is common in all ages. In addition, the lungs and the bronchi can also be affected, causing inflammation and obstruction of the airflow resulting in wheezing, chest tightness, stridor, low grade fever, cough, and hemoptysis due severe damage to the lung tissues. Most common diseases of the respiratory system include; pneumonia, croup, asthma, bronchitis, laryngitis, and tuberculosis, affected disease location determines the signs and symptoms. Hereditary and environmental factors such as allergens and other irritants can be a contributory factor, especially in children. However, respiratory compromise occur as a result of incomplete airway development among this vulnerable population predisposing them to chronic asthma (Huether & McCance, 2012).

Allen here to speak to you about the most common diseases we see here in the Pediatric Pulmonary Department. I will start by telling you what they are and I am sure you have heard them before. First there is Acute Bronchiolitis (inflammation of the bronchioles). Acute Bronchiolitis is usually accompanied by tachypnea (rapid breathing), chest retraction (sinking in of soft tissues of the chest), and wheezing (whistling or rattling sound on the chest). Next is Tuberculosis (bacterial infection spread through lymph nodes and blood stream into other part of the body). TB is very contagious due to the fact it is airborne. Children are most susceptible to this disease. They can get it by being in contact with someone who has active TB. This disease is very fatal to children as it can result in death. The bad thing about TB is that it can not be detected and it can sometimes lay dormant in the system and never be active, so sometimes we wont ever know if a child has it until they appear sick and get tested for the disease. The last condition we will discuss is Sleep Apnea (interruptions of breathing while sleep). Sleep Apnea occurs when the muscles in the mouth and your tongue relax to the point of blocking your air way, sometimes it causes you to make noise like snoring and other times and blocks your breathing completely to where you can not

22 plus years of smoking- smoking has been directly linked as one of the number one causes of Chronic bronchitis/COPD.

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung which results into an excess of fluid or pus accumulating into the alveoli of the lung. Pneumonia impairs gas exchange which leads to hypoxemia and is acquire by inhaling a contagious organism or an irritating agent. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). Fungal, bacteria and viruses are the most common organisms that can be inhale. Pneumonia could be community-acquired or health care associated. Community –acquired pneumonia (CAP) occurs out of a healthcare facility while health care associated pneumonia (HAP) is acquired in a healthcare facility. HAP are more resistant to antibiotic and patients on ventilators and those receiving kidney dialysis have a higher risk factor. Infants, children and the elderly also have a higher risk of acquiring pneumonia due to their immune system inability to fight the virus. Pneumonia can also be classified as aspiration pneumonia if it arises by inhaling saliva, vomit, food or drink into the lungs. Patients with abnormal gag reflex, dysphagia, brain injury, and are abusing drug or alcohol have a higher risk of aspiration pneumonia (Mayo Clinic, 2013). In the case of patient E.O., this patient had rhonchi in the lower lobe and the upper lobe sound was coarse and diminished. Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include difficulty breathing, chest pain, wheezing, fever, headache, chills, cough, confusion, pain in muscle or

In this essay I will explore the evidence based care of the patient in the above case. It will outline the assessment of an infant with acute bronchiolitis using a suitable framework to determine the appropriate therapeutic intervention. The pathophysiology associated with deterioration and the impact of communication between the family and multi disciplinary team will be explored. This essay will to focus on the initial stages of Joe’s care in the first hour of his admission to the children’s assessment unit.

The World Health Organization (WHO) (2006A) defines COPD as a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not wholly reversible. The airflow limitation is usually both progressive and associated with abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases. John's chronic bronchitis is defined, clinically, as the presence of a chronic productive cough for 3 months in each of 2 successive years, provided other causes of chronic cough have been ruled out. (Mannino, 2003). The British lung Foundation (BLF) (2005) announces that chronic bronchitis is the inflammation and eventual scarring of the lining of the bronchial tubes which is the explanation for John's dyspnea. The BLF (2005) believe that when the bronchi become inflamed less air is able to flow to and from the lungs and once the bronchial tubes have been irritated over a long period of time, excessive mucus is produced. This increased sputum results from an increase in the size and number of goblet cells (Jeffery, 2001) resulting in John's excessive mucus production. The lining of the bronchial tubes becomes thickened and an irritating cough develops, (Waugh & Grant 2004) which is an additional symptoms that john is experiencing.

Bronchiolitis is defined by the textbook as, “a diffuse, inflammatory obstruction in the small airways or bronchioles occurring most commonly in children” (Heuther & McCance, 2012). It is an acute inflammatory disease of the lower respiratory tract that occurs most commonly in infants and is caused by infection with seasonal viruses such as respiratory synctial virus (RSV) (Zorc & Hall, 2010). Bronchiolitis often results from an obstruction of the small airways. It is the leading cause of infant hospitalization in the United States (Zorc & Hall 2010) and is arguably the most common significant medical illness of childhood, with at least “1 in 7 normal infants developing symptomatic bronchiolitis in his or her first year of

Basic lung hygiene is imperative for everyone diagnosed with bronchiectasis. Immunizations need to be kept up to date to help prevent infections. Patients need to remain properly hydrated to ensure mucous secretions stay less sticky. Maintaining adequate nutrition is also highly important. For some patients with bronchiectasis, breathing requires more effort and therefore requires increased fuel for the Krebs-Cycle.

The pathophysiology of brochopulmonary dysplasia is not yet completely comprehended. (Hadjiliadis, 2013) There are indeed a variety of virulent causes that dower to the pattern of growth in BPD. BDP starts off by injuring the smaller airways, which eventually results in a reduction of the functional vital capacity in the lungs. Due to the premature nature in the lungs in preterm and low birth weight infants, the lungs most often than not, are under developed, making them easily irritated and susceptible to lung injury within hours or days after birth. (Hadjiliadis, 2013) As the injury progresses, gas exchange become compromised causing a decrease in oxygenated blood to the lungs therefore triggering irritation and

Many things can have a negative effect on the respiratory system; ranging from irritants to genetic causes. Asthma is a disease that causes the lungs to become inflamed. With asthma when the lungs come in contact with irritants such as smoke or dust the airways to tighten and narrow. Another problem that could occur with the respiratory system is bronchitis. When a human has got bronchitis, the membrane lining of the bronchial tubes becomes inflamed and more mucus is produced. One of the main causes for bronchitis is smoking. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease affecting the lungs. Cystic Fibrosis causes mucus in the body to be abnormally thick. The mucus can clog the airways in the lungs and therefore make people more prone to getting

Bronchitis is the inflammation of the lining of your bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes tubes are responsible for carrying air to the lungs. Acute bronchitis last from one to three weeks. Chronic bronchitis goes at least three months. According to healthline, Both the common cold and influenza can lead to acute bronchitis. In rare cases, Bordetella Pertussis, which causes whooping cough can also cause acute bronchitis. (Healthline). The inflammation occurs as a result of of an airway infection or environmental trigger such as dust, pollution, fumes. Smoking irritates the bronchial tubes and causes them to produce excess mucus. According to webmd, every cigarette damage the cilia which are responsible for brushing out debris, irritants, and excess mucus. The more you smoke, the more you're increasing your chances of developing chronic bronchitis.

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a common lung disorder that mostly affects preterm infants. RDS is caused by insufficient surfactant production and structural immaturity of the lungs leading to alveolar collapse. Clinically, RDS presents soon after birth with tachypnea, nasal flaring, grunting, retractions, hypercapnia, and/or an oxygen need. The usual course is clinical worsening followed by recovery in 3 to 5 days as adequate surfactant production occurs. Research in the prevention and treatment of this disease has led to major improvements in the care of preterm infants with RDS and increased survival. However, RDS remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality especially in the most preterm infants. This chapter reviews the most current evidence-based management of RDS, including prevention, delivery room stabilization, respiratory management, and supportive care.