Bronchitis

Acute bronchitis is one of the most common diagnoses encountered in a primary care setting. It affects millions of individuals resulting in significant impact on health of patients and health care industry. Studies have shown that 90% of times acute bronchitis is caused by a virus, yet health care providers are failing to treat or manage these patients with appropriate therapies (Knutson & Braun, 2002). The focus of this paper is to review the guidelines for treatment of acute bronchitis after differentiating acute bronchitis from other common respiratory disease in terms of epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, complications and patient education. Understanding the evaluation and treatment guidelines, nurse practitioners can provide evidence-based practice for patients with acute bronchitis.

Putting the words back together, chronic bronchitis is the chronic inflammation and swelling of the bronchial mucosa, which can lead to scarring and a variety of other clinical manifestations. This is where we can correlate the clinical findings from MK’s case study to the chronic bronchitis. Here we find clinical manifestations such as chronic coughing with more severe fits in the morning with sputum, excessive peripheral edema, light-headedness, distended neck veins, and increased night urination. The most predominant symptom in chronic bronchitis is the chronic cough, which can last over the course of three months successively for at least two years. This is a result of inflammation of the bronchial mucosa which leads to hypertrophy and causes scarring to occur. The hypertrophy then cause the over production of mucus which results in the chronic coughing as the body tries to get rid of the excess mucus. MK states that she has been smoking for the past 22 years which points to her experiencing smokers cough with more severe fits in the morning. This is explained due to M.K. laying down overnight that can cause the mucus to build up and can

Chronic bronchitis is caused by inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes. These tubes carry oxygen to and from the alveoli of the lungs.

Discuss the roles of medications, ICS for long term anti-inflammatory effect and Beta adrenergic for immediate bronchial dilation.

Chronic Bronchitis has serious affects on the body especially if Chronic Bronchitis goes untreated early on. The disorder results in an ongoing decline of the lungs functioning properly. Patients are at a higher risk of cardiac disease and pulmonary disease related deaths (American Lung Association, 2015). Fortunately there are treatment options for patients. If the patient is a smoker the first step for treatment would be smoking cessation. Smoking cessation means to quit smoking. There are many positive results from this treatment. This can help reduce coughing, lower the level of mucus production which will decrease injury to the bronchiole tubes. Other

Bronchiolitis is one of those illnesses. The virus most often occurs in children two to twenty-four months of age (Davidson, 2013). It is an illness that spares few, afflicting approximately 95% of children before their second birthday (Davidson, 2013). The virus peaks during the winter months from December through March and accounts for 10% of visits to the primary care provider during the first two years of life (Burns et. al., 2017). It is the leading cause of hospital admissions for infants (Burns et. al., 2017). Bronchiolitis is one of those illnesses every practitioner should confidently know how to manage due to the vast amount of children it afflicts. The AAP released a clinical practice guideline in October 2014.Familiarity with this guideline is essential to effective

Once an individual is diagnosed with chronic bronchitis, they have a few options for treatment. Although chronic bronchitis cannot be cured, there are several effective methods to reduce the effect of the disease. For the chronic smokers that are diagnosed, smoking cessation is the single most effective intervention in chronic bronchitis (Chaudhry et al., 2013). Bronchodilators (beta-2 agonists) can be inhaled to cause bronchodilation of the smooth muscles cells, and corticosteroids act by inhibiting transcriptions factors to reduce inflammation of the airway (Chaudhry et al., 2013). Although both corticosteroids and bronchodilators improve FEV1, reduce

There are several kinds of medications include anti-inflammatory agents and short acting bronchodilators. Anti-inflammatory agents are used a long acting beta agonist or corticosteroid as a maintenance drug they should not be used as a rescue inhaler. Inhaled corticosteroids are Azmacort, Flovent, Pulmicort, and Asmanex. Long acting beta agents include Serevent (Salmeterol), Formoterol, and Brovana. Inhaled corticosteroids combined with Long acting beta2- agents include Advair and Symbicort. Mast-cell-stabilizing agents include Nasacort. There are also short acting beta2- agents that are always for emergency rescue inhalers. The most prescribed and used bronchodilator is Albuterol also called Ventolin, Proair, and AccuNeb. There are also anticholinergics used as reliever medication such as Atrovent and Spiriva. Also, commonly prescribe is a combination of beta2-agent and anticholinergic is DuoNeb which is albuterol and

Patients that do have chronic bronchitis ( B COPD) typically exhibit shortness of breath on exertion, excessive amounts of sputum, chronic cough, and evidence of excess bodily fluids (edema, hypervolemia). Chronic cough tends to be most severe in the mornings, is productive, and occurs for more than 3 months and occurring each year for at least 2 consecutive years. In addition, patients tend to complain about chills, malaise, muscle aches, fatigue, loss of libido, and insomnia. Smoking is also a typical clinical manifestation and is the leading cause of B COPD (accounting for 90% of cases). Late signs include right-sided heart

Infants with acute bronchiolitis may present with a wide range of clinical symptoms and severity, from mild upper respiratory infections to impending respiratory failure. Typically, these symptoms include tachypnea, wheezing, cough, crackles, use of accessory muscles, and/or nasal flaring. An infant with bronchiolitis will often present as having a “seasonal viral illness characterized by fever, nasal discharge and a dry, wheezy cough” (Conquest, Cremonesini, & Neill, 2013). During the first seventy-two hours of illness, the infant typically becomes worse before the symptoms begin to improve. An infant with bronchiolitis will present with 2-3 days of symptoms similar to that of the

There have been several scientific studies conducted regarding the use of eucalyptus to treat sinusitis and other ear, nose, and throat conditions. The patients studied all stated they experienced more rapid improvement when adding eucalyptus oil to their anti-allergy/sinus remedy routine. Several studies also recommended gargling with eucalyptus oil in order to clear a congested or itchy throat. This is similar to the boiling water bowl and towel method, but functions a little more directly, and is more effective when it comes to treating allergies.

This paper discusses bronchial asthma, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that involves a complex interaction of airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and an underlying inflammation. The paper begins with background information on the condition, followed by describing its mechanisms and breaking down its major components. It will also discuss the signs, symptoms, and diagnosis and treatment options for asthma. Throughout the paper, key concepts and terms associated with the disease are defined.

“Inhaled drugs like dornase alfa (Pulmozyme), albuterol, salt solution, steroids, or antibiotics thin mucus, clear the lungs and fight infections. Medicines such as ibuprofen fight inflammation and reduce swelling in your lungs.” (webmd)

disease get worse over time. It can cause coughing that produces large amount of mucus,

Following the pathologic changes of chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis, many patients will present with the following symptoms: shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, wheezing, productive cough and hemoptysis (Stauffer). Many of these symptoms will occur after the patient has recently contracted common cold viruses or other irritants as they weaken the body’s natural balance in the respiratory tract. With the majority of patients having a sudden increase of mucus production, this will have a tendency to obstruct the airways and prevent ventilation. In some cases the patient is able to clear the airway of the obstruction simply by coughing, but excessive coughing can lead to a much more problematic bronchospasm. Also, due to the weakened airway of bronchiectasis patients and increased thick sputum, coughing may prove to be vastly ineffective. These diseases are diagnosed with a combination of examinations such as Pulmonary Functions Tests (PFT), Chest