Bronchogenic Cysts Research Paper

One of the distinguishing features of cystic fibrosis is the thick mucus that lines both the airways and the intestinal tract of affected individuals. In the respiratory tract, this thick mucus is not removed by the cilia that usually beat and push mucus up into the throat. This thick mucus builds up in the airways, and bacteria trapped in the mucus are not removed. Thus bacterial respiratory infections are extremely common.

Those with cystic fibrosis often have a thick, sticky mucus that blocks the bronchi and alveoli which allow air in and out of the lungs. This mucus may cause:

For this paper, I decided to write about bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis is a respiratory disease that takes on the appearance of cystic fibrosis. It is caused by the buildup of mucous causing the airways to stretch and widen and are irreversible. (American Lung Association, 2015) I chose to write about bronchiectasis because one of my dear friends has recently been diagnosed with this respiratory disease. Jasmine Coleman was born with a rare blood disorder and as a child she was always in and out of the hospital because she was more susceptible to infections, pneumonia was the main problem. Her condition was so severe that she wasn’t expected to have lived through high school, but she is still with us today. Over time her airways have built up with mucous and she began to cough up large amounts of blood. She had undergone various testing and treatments to try to figure out what was wrong. It was only recently when she was finally diagnosed with bronchiectasis. She has only 22 percent lung function and that is mainly in her left lung for her right lung is filled with blood. She is currently on six liters of oxygen when she is out and about and two liters for when she is resting. (Times Bulletin, 2015) She may be

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation is common malformation in the thoracic cavity. It is a multicystic mass that develop within the thoracic cavity that consist of lung tissue and abnormal bronchial. Three types of CCAM are identified, type I (macrocystic) which is one or more large cysts replace the lung tissue, type II (microcystic) which is consist of multiple small cysts, and type III (microcystic) which is bulky, large, noncystic lesion.

Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease that causes the production of excess mucus inside of the affected individual. The mucus is abnormally thick and is hard to dispel, and will clog airways and intestines. Because of this, many individuals with cystic fibrosis will develop respiratory infections such as bronchitis.

Bronchiectasis is congenital, meaning that it has the ability to be something you acquire or something that is present from the time of birth. It can be an effect of diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV, and cystic fibrosis. It may also

The bronchial epithelium plays an important role in the respiratory system. It is an important part of host defense; it acts as a barrier against foreign particles, and it warms and humidifies incoming air. The airway is lined with ciliated cells that act as a sort of escalatory system, pushing foreign particles embedded in mucus out of the central pathways, towards the peripheral, and finally out of the respiratory system. In asthmatic children, these ciliated cells become damaged and slough off; this is proven by looking at the sputum of patients which, when checked, contains ciliated epithelial cells (Tulic 73). Simple squamous, or flat, epithelial cells that cannot move the mucus out replace the ciliated cells, creating a plug. Also contributing to the mucus plug formation is the hyperplasia of goblet cells, which are the sites of mucus production in the epithelium (Tulic 74).

Primary and long term treatment for CCHs is placement of a permanent tracheostomy. This most common invasive procedure involves the child being placed on positive pressure ventilation during the night. Depending on the severity of alveolar hypoventilation, some patients may require around the clock ventilation. The suggested ventilator mode for these patients iare spontaneous intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). SIMV delivers a set number of fully assisted breaths whether the breaths are patient triggered, flow-limited trigger, or time-triggered. Additional spontaneous breaths by the patient are unassisted with no ventilator help. Ventilators should be used in the spontaneous intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) mode. Another recommendation is the use of an uncuffed tracheostomy to minimize granuloma formation. Ventilator settings can compensate for air leaks around the tracheotomy tube by increasing volume and peak airway pressure as necessary. Mild hyperventilation in

Usually inflammation is mild and consists of a patchy interstitial infiltrate of lymphocytes ,plasma cells and hyperplasia of type 2 pneumocytes and bronchiolar epithelium. Dense collagen mainly comprise the fibrotic zones, while scattered convex subepithelial foci of proliferating fibroblasts and myofibroblasts (so-called fibroblast foci) are consistently seen. Honeycomb areas are composed of cystic fibrotic airspaces that are frequently lined by bronchiolar epithelium and filled with mucus and inflammatory cells. Areas of fibrosis and honeycombing also contain smooth muscle metaplasia of the interstitium.The lesions also exhibit temporal nonuniformity,(i.e areas of active injury, inflammation, and fibroblastic proliferation coexist with dense fibrosis) in addition to geographic heterogeneity.The UIP pattern is described in IPF,CTD, asbestosis, and diverse occupational, drug or environmental exposures.(68)(66)Study by Jin etal showed that CVDUIP patients had more germinal centers and total inflammation with plasma cells ,fewer fibroblastic foci and smaller HC spaces histologically compared with Idiopathic

The patient manifested signs of respiratory distress precipitated by a pneumonia and bronchiolitis infection. A.D was on 0.5 liters of oxygen via nasal prongs with an oxygen saturation reading of 94%. On prior days without the supplemental oxygen, she was desaturating to below 92%, “ high flow rates generate continuous positive pressure in the airways that could help reduce the work of breathing in bronchiolitis and decrease the need for more invasive respiratory support” (Casey, 2015, p. 24). The patient had a respiratory rate of 42 breaths per minute and the normal respiratory rate for a 13month old as stated in Perry et al. (2013) ranges between 20-40 breaths per minute. Also, the patient had a heart rate of 158 beats per minute and the

She did have an abnormal CT scan of the chest, which demonstrated a right upper lobe nodule measuring up to 1 cm in length as well as very benign appearing right paratracheal lymph node. At this time, I will obtain a PET scan to assess if there is any FDG uptake of this pulmonary nodule.

Based on the information provided; the three differential diagnosis that are being considered include; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis and community acquired pneumonia (CAP) (Papadakis, McPhee, & Rabow, 2015).

The genetic analysis, lung biopsy methods particularly in new children as little as 3 kg, (Robin R .Deterding. 2010). And the new clinical as well pathological classification framework for diffuse lung diseases in children have enhanced diagnostic capacities and modified the diagnostic standards in chILD (Claire

The anatomy of the lung is quite complex, but if we follow the direction of the airflow, it will be easy to understand where the developments of most lung cancers arise. Air passes in a unique pathway as it enters into the lungs. It goes from the nasal or oral cavity to the pharynx, through the larynx, trachea, into the right and left main stem bronchi. The lungs then further divide into the terminal bronchioles where they branch further to the functional unit of the lung, the alveoli. The alveoli are where oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange occurs and they consist of several distinct cells. Type I cells are the endothelial cells that make up the alveolar wall. Type II cells are responsible for production of pulmonary surfactant. Type III cells are the alveolar macrophages that aid in immune response and clearance of small particles. Lung cancers typically develop in the cells lining the

One of these is pneumothorax, or collapsed lung. This can occur if the cysts rupture through the lining of an affected lung. The air that collects in the space between the lung and chest wall must be removed in order for the lung to be reinflated. Pleural effusions may also occur. This is where bodily fluids collect in the space between the lung and chest wall, and it can often cause shortness of breath due to the restricted room to expand. Many later sym