Brown vs Board of Education

The Brown vs. Board of Education was a turning point for American history, because it began the road to integration starting with the Linda Brown and Ruby Bridges with the assistance from the Little Rock Nine. The supreme court case strived to put an end to segregation in public schools. The Supreme Court consolidated the Brown vs. Board of Education as one case, given that it was five separate cases. The case was handled by Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund. Having two separate court decisions, the unanimous court case ended segregation in public schools and overturned the Jim Crow Laws.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas was a milestone in American history, as it began the long process of racial integration, starting with schools. Segregated schools were not equal in quality, so African-American families spearheaded the fight for equality. Brown v. Board stated that public schools must integrate. This court decision created enormous controversy throughout the United States. Without this case, the United States may still be segregated today.

The U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas heard Brown's case from June 25-26, 1951. At the trial, the NAACP argued that segregated schools sent the message to black children that they were inferior to whites; therefore, the schools were inherently unequal. One of the expert witnesses, Dr. Hugh W. Speer, testified that "...if the colored children are denied the experience in school of associating with white children, who represent 90 percent of our national society in which these colored children must live, then the colored child's curriculum is being greatly curtailed. The Topeka curriculum or any school curriculum cannot be equal under segregation." (Brown v. Board of Education about the case" [online]). The Board of Education's defense was this, because segregation in Topeka and

In 1945, the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was brought to the Supreme Court. Thurgood Marshall, the lawyer who represented the African Americans, won the case. The Supreme Court ruled that segregation in schools was unconstitutional. Although these decisions were established, some schools in the South still did not allow African Americans into their schools. A plan was made by the Little Rock, Arkansas school board to gradually integrate the schools (2, page 1). There were two pro-segregation groups that assembled to protest against the plan. These groups were the Capital Citizens Council and the Mother’s League of Central High School. Even though this opposition took place, nine African American students registered at the Arkansas Central High School for the very first time in

Linda Carol Brown was an eight year old girl. Her parents wanted her to attend an all white school in their neighborhood as opposed to being bused to an all black school far from their home. This was the beginning of Brown v. Board of Education.

This case started with Linda and Olivier Brown. , Oliver Brown wanted his daughter to attend the nearest school to her neighborhood. The Board of Education made it difficult for him to do this. The Board of Education would not allow her to attend this school because of her race. Linda father did not agree. Being separate was not equal. Linda’s father knew that the white schools were not equal to the white schools; they had more updated equipment, which were in better condition, than colored schools. Separation by color is not equal treatment. Linda Brown’s father wanted the best for her, so he wanted the best-educated school for her. After the principal refused, Oliver went to of the NAACP. National On 1951, more African American parents who children were denied access into white schools, joined to help Mr. Brown and the NAACP start a conclusion in the segregation of schools. Out of all the families now involved in the

Board of education has helped break down segregation by establishing that segregation in school are unconstitutional Brown v. Board of Education is based on ending the racial segregation in schools .This helped explain that segregation in schools affects equal protection of students. In the other hand, Plessy v. Ferguson, uses segregation in schools in constitutional as long as both African and white students are equal. However, this shows that the concept of equal and separated affects students because they were still not given opportunities because of segregation in schools.

The Plessy vs Ferguson case was one of the first cases that segregation came into question within the Supreme Court. The case involved a man named Homer Plessy, who at the time was only half black,, and refused to sit in a Jim Crow train car. He was always use to being able to pass off as a white male but this situation was different. He was brought before Judge John Ferguson in New Orleans who made an effort to uphold the state law on segregation on public property. The case eventually reached the Supreme Court on the stance that it was in direct contradiction to the 13th and 14th Amendments but was later put to a vote with a result of 7:1 in the favor of the judge. The Supreme Court later determined that the state law did not impede on the 14th amendment due to the fact that the law itself did not imply that either race was inferior but instead was deemed a reasonable regulation. This was the first time that segregation but equal laws became constitutional in the eyes of the Supreme Court. After this verdict,

In fact, this case was actually made up of five different cases that surrounded the same topic with black children wanting to attend a white school. They came from the states of Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware. The court cases involved many famous names known today, such as Thurgood Marshall and Chief Justice Earl Warren (Supreme Court). Earl Warren gave the opinion that even though the cases came from different locations, they all had the same legal question to put into consideration. Before going to the Supreme Court, the five cases were ruled in favor of the school boards by a U.S. District Court with a three judge panel. The case presented in front of the Supreme Court raised questions about legal issues, but the most common one was that separate school systems were unequal and violated the constitution (Administrative Office). At this level in the court system, many justices realized they did not know which way to go in the case. Surprisingly, most wanted to overturn Plessy and claim that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional (Administrative Offices). In the end, Earl Warren was able to get all the justices to agree on one outcome of the case in 1953. By a unanimous vote, Plessy was overturned and declared that segregation in public schools was against the constitution

Brown v. Board of Education marked a historical event in the country. Schools were starting to integrate, and black people were starting to have more rights, but more had to be done in segregation was going to end. Even though schools had to be integrated, some states refused. This case did help black people move one step closer to racial equality.

Public schools across our nation, up until 1954 were all segregated schools, meaning that whites had their own campus and blacks had another campus. With the ruling decision of Brown vs. Board of education, it established that separate was not equal, and African Americans were being deprived of an equal opportunity at an education. Prior to Brown vs. Board of Education, there were five other cases that were heard by the Supreme Court. These other cases were: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Briggs v. Elliot, Davis

One event that had an impact was the Brown VS Topeka board of education case 1954 which was the first case to challenge segregation in Kansas. Linda brown had to go to an African American only school and was not allowed to attend the local neighbourhood school despite her parents wanting her to. Linda Browns parents went to court backed up by their local NAACP lawyers who expressed in court evidence which showed that separate education created low self-esteem and was psychologically harmful. The National Association for the advancement of Coloured People (The NAACP) who were a group lead by black intellectuals aimed to ensure the political, educational, social and economic equality of minority group citizens of United States and eliminate race prejudice. They also stated that there was evidence that the educational achievement of students was restricted because of this policy. The case took 18 months and on 17th may 1954, a closing judgement was reached where Chief Justice Warren said that 'separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.' Although a clear conclusion wasn't reached, some areas began to desegregate and by 1957, 300,000 black children were attending schools that had formerly been

This whole case is about differences that African Americans faced in this time period. They had certain things they could or could not do. They would have the poorer things than the whites. They would get the old supplies like the old books and everything else. They were really tired of being treated like they were secondhand people. They deserved to be treated better than that.

Envision having to walk a mile, to cross railroad tracks and having to take a bus just to get to school, that was the routine of young Linda Brown. Linda Brown was forced to do this routine daily just to get to school for African Americans. While there was a school only blocks away from her house that was only for whites . This unfair action would later create one of the most famous cases Brown v. The Board of Education. Linda Brown made a immense impact for the Civil Rights Movement.

The segregated school systems throughout the United States led to questioning the lawfulness of the school districts’ refusal to integrate public schools. Oliver Brown was a representative-plaintiff and a parent of a black child who was rejected by a white school in Topeka, Kansas. On her way to school every morning, Brown’s daughter would pass several white schools before reaching her one room schoolhouse reserved for schooling the black children. According to Brown, the Kansas school system was in breech of the Constitution’s Equal Protection Clause. Both the facilities and the opportunities that his daughter might find in her school were inferior without the possibility of ever being equal. However, the federal district court ruled with the Kansas school board. By referencing the “separate but equal” doctrine in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Kansas public schools were equal enough to be considered constitutional. As black families across the nation searched for equality for their children, other district courts were also deciding cases based on the rationale “separate but equal”. Discontent with the decisions made by the various lower courts, the NAACP, a major civil rights organization, consolidated cases from Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware and appealed to the Supreme Court in a case known as Brown v. Board of Education. Through evaluation of segregation’s psychological effects, the protection offered by the Fourteenth Amendment, and the “separate