Bruce Rogers Research Paper

Hoagland begins his essay with an analogy to help the audience understand his stutter in a clear and visual way. He likens his handicap to “trying to run with loops of rope around your feet” (Hoagland

After 60 years of stuttering, Hoagland reminisces about his struggles and triumphs to overcome his stuttering. While attending school, he learned that, “Life can become a matter of measuring the importance of anything you have to say.” He felt that it was

His conversations are limited with strangers; it is only with close friends and family that Hoagland is able to hold a clear and fluid discussion. His handicap was a factor of low self confidence. Furthermore, some of his scariest moments as a stutterer were as a father when his daughter was learning to speak and thought that she was supposed to stutter, and also when he had to have to give a speech at a wedding. Nonetheless, Hoagland refused to let his stuttering control his life. He is able to get in to the Army by telling them that he only stuttered because he was “nervous,” and even goes on to become a college professor.

The most important information in this article is that there are significant neuroimaging, lesion, pharmacological, and genetic studies that provide information on stuttering, however the etiology and pathophysiology of stuttering remains incomplete. The article explored research on persistent developmental stuttering (PDS), which manifests in children between the ages of 2 and 4, in which boys have a higher rate of persistence than girls. Moreover, the authors provided features of the development, fluency-inducing conditions, associated symptoms, genetic etiologies, and neural correlates. Genetic studies on PDS demonstrated a genetic correlation, although no single gene has been identified, characterizing PDS as a polygenetic disorder. Additionally, brain imaging studies have revealed abnormalities in the role of the cerebellum, the anterior cingulate cortex (AAC), the supplementary motor area, and the right frontal operculum. During silent and oral reading tasks pre- and post-treatment, people who stutter had greater cerebellar activation and abnormal right lateralization as oppose to people who do not stutter, which could be related to a reduction in automaticity in articulatory movements and an increase in sensory or motor monitoring. Further discussion of cortical regions provided a connection between the limbic system and sensorimotor cortex, in which AAC activation during silent reading tasks decreased following fluency-inducing treatment. PDS has also been associated with the reduction of white matter below the left sensorimotor cortex, while acquired neurogenic stuttering (ANS) is associated with lesions in subcortical brain regions. Additionally, ANS can occur during a head injury in which the midbrain and subthalamic nucleus are affected by rotational forces producing diffuse injuries in basal ganglia pathways. ANS has also been associated with the thalamus in which patients who had stimulation of the thalamus and corpus callosum presented with speech

I entered the field with an interest in fluency and participated in the National Stuttering Association in Queens, New York. The stutter started in my teens and faded away in my early adulthood.  I researched speech language pathology and came upon all the different aspects of this field since the definition of speech pathology is broad. I knew I wanted to specialize in stuttering when I was a teenager. This changed when I was in the Communication Sciences and Disorders program in my undergrad. This program exposed me to different classes and observations of communication disorders in a variety of age ranges. This exposed me to adult population as well in which I gained an interest because of their lack of tantrums and willingness to gain back

One person, a young teen guy, even mocked me. I tried not to let it go too deeply under my skin. I had to keep reminding myself that this was just temporary, just for the assignment. I definitely can’t imagine what those who have or have had a stutter for the majority of their lives go through. Just one short experience of having to stutter made me feel so small. I can’t even begin to fathom how people with an actual stutter feel about themselves, especially when people treat them so cruelly for something that they can’t help. Overall, stuttering made me feel slower and more self-conscious. I felt like I was being judged solely on the stutter and nothing else. I felt as though all the eyes in the food court were on me, even though they weren’t. I felt slower in the sense that it took me longer to say what I wanted and for some reason, I had to deliberate more as to how I would say what I wanted to. When we watched the kids stuttering during the lecture last week and describing how they felt, I could sympathize with them. After having to experience stuttering first hand, I would definitely say that I developed empathy for them and anyone else with a

As a child, I was faced with a lot of adversity. My grandmother raised my brothers and me. We lived on government assistance with little money and no car for transportation for extracurricular activities. The hardships we faced compelled me at a young age to stay in school, go to college, and make something of myself because I did not want to live a life limiting my dreams and opportunities. Throughout my academic career, there was not a specific moment that solidified my desire to pursue a profession in Speech- Language Pathology (SLP); instead, there were numerous. I initially became interested in this profession after learning how a child’s dysfluency was able to significantly improve. The gradual process of a client making substantial improvements

The Stuttering Foundation provides a free online resources, services and supports those who stutter and their family members along as the support of the research. This foundation is proudly a tax-exempt organization under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and classified as a private operating foundation, defined in section 4942(j)(3). The first and largest nonprofit charitable organization in the world, that reach to over a million people annually to improve the treatment of stuttering. The stuttering foundation also offer extensive training programs for any professional in this

the Modifying Phonation Intervals (MPI) Stuttering Treatment Program With Adults Who Stutter. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 24(2), 256-271.

In this blog, she discusses topics such as authenticity and vulnerability. She defines messy versus clean stuttering and the different emotions associated with each. She speaks about how accepting her stutter affects not only her feelings of personal identity and belonging but also her students’ feelings of respect and acceptance towards her. Furthermore, she touches on different issues like small communities, covertness, and separate classrooms which create an isolated feeling for those who stutter and prevent community building. She builds off of her own experiences as a

The Johnson’s Speech Therapy Experiment was conducted by Dr. Wendell Johnson, whose purpose was to prove preexisting theories about stuttering wrong. During the time, people commonly believed that genetics was to blame for stuttering and nothing could be done about it. However, Dr. Johnson hypothesized that children become more worse once they are labeled as a stutterer. To conduct the experiment, twenty-two children were forcefully chosen to participate without even being informed about what the study was about. From the twenty-two participants, half of them were placed into a positive therapy group while the other half were placed into a negative therapy group. Children in the positive therapy group were complimented and cheered on for their

Over the history of our world, speech impediments affect many different people. Most of the time, individuals do not even realize the person they are speaking with has a speech disorder. This disorder even impacts icons including Greek philosopher Aristotle, physicist Isaac Newton, singer Elvis Presley, golfer Tiger Woods and actor Bruce Willis. However, one story that stands out involves Kind George VI of England. In his early childhood the prince acquired a stammer; now known mostly as a stutter. He went to a speech therapist, on a regular basis, who taught him how to use the muscles in his mouth to correct his stutter. His therapist also dove into psychological reason that explained why most of his concerns included talking to important people. After some time of seeing his doctor frequently, he improved immensely on his enunciation that he could get through radio session that seemed impossible beforehand. This disorder not only affects icons, like King George, but also a vast majority of children. In the United states alone, stuttering effects five percent of all people (Braunstein). This does not include other speech impediments like lisps and apraxia. Although the exact cause of speech impediments is unknown, studies proves that the disorders can come from genetics, neurological problems, or even psychological like King George. There are also a lot of different way to help correct speech impediments. Nevertheless, the best path for patients to take includea seeing a

Lytess encouraged her to lower her tone and from that rose Marilyn’s infamous breathy seductive timbre. It is believed that this change in how she speaks, almost as if in character, is what “cured” Marilyn’s stutter (Victor, 1999). The idea of modifying ones tone, proves to be a successful method of therapy in the world of speech pathology- “Many of the current therapies for teens and adults who stutter focus on helping them learn ways to minimize stuttering when they speak, such as by speaking more slowly, regulating their breathing, or gradually progressing from single-syllable responses to longer words and more complex sentences.

Many speech language pathologists (SLPs), after diagnosing a child with stuttering are left with the problems of what treatment program should be implemented and what are the chances that the

Three speech-language disorders and their relationship to temperament are explored further by the authors including specific language impairment (SLI), stuttering, and voice disorders. In relation to stuttering, a review of the literature suggests that there are differences in temperament traits when children who stutter (CWS) are compared to children who do not stutter (CWNS). In particular, CWS react more to changes in environment, possess more negative emotions, have decreased attention, have a reduced ability to adapt to