Buddhism: The Hinayana Sect

First, this book will guide me to embrace the world as it is. It is written in English, so it may not be same as written by the each religion leaders. Although this book travels freely from Eastern to Western and forth and back to reflect various perspectives, it will help me to see different aspects of the world through others' eyes. Having this kind of view will expand my mind to new things and deepen the understanding the matters.

Albert Einstein once said, “Buddhism has the characteristics of what would be expected in a cosmic religion for the future: it transcends a personal God, avoids dogmas and theology; it covers both the natural & spiritual, and it is based on a religious sense aspiring from the experience of all things, natural and spiritual, as a meaningful unity.” I though this quote was an interesting beginning into seeing how this ancient religion changed over the course of its existence. I feel that Buddhism has changed over time but has maintained that core teaching that it had with the early Indians and with the Theravada teachings. Mahayana just happens to be the more loose teachings of the Buddha. The term used in

Even though Zen and Pure Land Buddhism are usually considered to be quite different, they are actually part of the same type of Buddhism, Mahayana, and thus have an underlying similarity. This essay will argue that, in particular, the Mahayana concepts of non-duality and no-self are present in both schools, and that the ways employed in each school to reach their respective goals can be analyzed in a similar fashion, proving that these two schools are part of, rather than deviations of, Mahayana Buddhism.

Christianity and Buddhism are two different religions that developed and spread contemporaneously in during the Classical Period different territories. Both of them share some similarities as well as differences. Both of these religions were founded based upon different principles taught by different people; in Buddhism’s case Gautama Buddha a thinker and in Christianity’s it is Jesus Christ who is a prophet. These two universal doctrines spread in times of chaos, in which citizens of their own territories were looking forward to achieve salvation of any kind. Although alike these two doctrines didn’t have a

Differences in culture, history, geography, and collective temperament all make for diverse starting points. . . . But beyond these differences, the same goal beckons” (Prothero 1). This is a great approach because it puts the differences in religions in perspective while still showing they all show a common goal. The second scholarly approach is the ‘4 Step Process’ which is also by Stephen Prothero. First, there must be a problem. Second, there must be a solution to this problem, which also serves as a religious goal. Third, there must be a technique for moving from this problem to this solution. Fourth, there must be an exemplar who chart this path from problem to solution. This is a great approach because it helps to point out the differences across and inside religious traditions. The third scholarly approach is the ‘Question of Ultimate Meaning’. William Portiers approach deals with the deep or great questions about the human condition that we can only answer ourselves. “Why are we here? What becomes of us in the end? What is our final purpose? What is a human being and how ought we to behave toward one another?” (Portier 17). This is a great approach because it makes you personally come up with answers to those questions and to answer those questions, you must look at many different religious traditions. The fourth scholarly approach also written by William Portier deals with ‘The Dialectical

This will be based on the chapter 4 Religion as "Truth-Claims", posted on Blackboard. First of all, Dianne L. Oliver makes a preface about her writings saying that religions claim to get the truth, and followers of diverse religions say that their truth is the only one true, and cannot be compare with any other. Also, she remarks that many of those religion followers use violence to uphold their own version of truth. Moreover, she let us know that she is going to consider the "True-Claims" of different religions, and show how those claims can influence the practices, behaviors, and ideas of religion followers. Next to the introduction, she considers that religion is very essential for understanding the fundamental questions in our daily lives.

Due to descendants’ different understanding and interpretation of the Dharma, the teachings, doctrines has to be made to adapt the new environment. Buddhists who believe in different ideas were naturally separate into

Buddhism has been around for over two thousand years, and continues to do so in many countries around the world. This religion originates in Asia and has a very unique adversity, much of its structure arose from the end of World War II, predominantly Asian nations needed to restructure society (RoAT 167). The word ‘Buddha’ means one who has awakened and will no longer be reborn. Thereafter, one who will enter nirvana, the state of being free from suffering.

In The Heart of Understanding, Thich Nhat Hanh’s uses simple but powerful words and real world examples to illustrate the profound Buddhist philosophy from the Prajnaparamita Heart Sutra, an important representative of Mahayana Buddhist literature. The Mahayana school of Buddhist teachings emphasizes the doctrine of Sunyata- emptiness. The doctrine of emptiness, one of the most important Mahayana innovations, focuses on the relational aspect of existence. Thich Nhat Hanh coins and introduces a new word- interbeing to explain the state of emptiness. This idea of interbeing not only illustrates emptiness well but also provides understanding of other fundamental Buddhist ideas such as No-Self, impermanence and non-duality.

Mahayana Buddhism is one of two branches of Buddhism that follow additional teachings beyond what their divine power Buddha had set into place. In Phillip Novak’s book, The World’s Wisdom, he says, “Yet there are beings whose eyes are only a little covered with dust: they will understand the truth” (59). Buddha is saying that he will provide a way and guide his followers to that truth. Since the Mahayanists believe that no human goal can be achieved without the

Another classification of new Buddhist doctrine is Kamakura Buddhism. This includes Amida (pure-land) Buddhism and Zen Buddhism. These sects were most active during the medieval period. One of the greatest differences between Kamakura and esoteric buddhism is that the former is not exclusively for the elites, commoners also participated in Amida and Zen Buddhism. Both of these doctrines contributed to “a massive broadening of the population that was touched by organized, intellectually sophisticated religion” (Totman, pg. 99).

Buddhism stands as a philosophy and a religion founding itself on the theory of a possible eternal soul. Until awakening is achieved, this eternal soul is locked in the vicious cycle of rebirth (Samsara). According to the Four Noble Truths preached by the Buddha, life is a perpetual suffering caused by desire and attachment, and freedom from suffering is only possible by practicing the Eightfold Path. The World is suffering in a succession of temptations and negative experiences from birth to death. Therefore Buddhism advises on searching to go beyond suffering, and only aspire to rest, nothingness, and liberation, into a final state called Nirvana. Happiness or Nirvana can eventually be achieved in a hereafter, another life, if man abandons any desire or perspective of action within his present life, in order to go past suffering.

According to these characteristics, there no longer exists the possibility of generation, destruction, change, and motion.

Eastern enlightenment religions have been gaining popularity throughout the western world for the past few decades, with many people attracted to a "different" way of experiencing religion. As with many other enlightenment religions, Buddhism requires disciples to understand concepts that are not readily explainable: one such concept is that of no-self. In this essay I shall discuss the no-self from a number of modern perspectives; however, as no-self is difficult to describe I shall focus on both the self and no-self. Beginning with psychological aspects, and neurophysiological research on transcendental meditation, I shall discuss the impact of modern brain science on our understanding of the self and transcendence. Next I will outline

The three major schools of philosophy in Hinduism are Vedanta, Sankhya, and Yoga. In this way, “the path of knowledge” is experienced. Jnana Marga “is knowledge of a very special sort, amounting to extraordinary insight that is far beyond merely knowing about the subject matter” (Brodd 54). This practice of Vedanta is representative of the monism of Hinduism. This means that “(a)ll reality is essentially one…” (Brodd 55). This can be a difficult idea to understand because Vedanta impresses the notion that the “persistent sense of individuality” prevents us from actually experiencing the truth (Brodd 55). The example of a drop of water is used to explain this concept best. It can be thought that a drop of water is separate from the vast ocean but once this small drop of water is contained in the ocean, there is no way to distinguish it from the other drops of water. Likewise, we have an illusion of separate identity but are one. The ultimate goal is to experience this truth and then the path of knowledge will have been fully met; this is known as Brahman. That which is distracting and serves as the illusion is called Maya.