Building Envelope

The inside structure obliged a sum of 68 tons of 30m long, 1500mm measurement fortifying pens. These heaps are socketed 2m into the bedrock underneath the Brisbane River. The pre-assembled strengthening pens must be built to tight resistances to guarantee the site lapping of the enclosures continued easily and productively.

Aztecs built temples on the soft ground. They used wood pilings; they pushed pilings down into the ground. Thousands inserted into the ground with volcanic stone inserted around it.

The first step that Holst Architects took to resolve heating system in the building was tightly sealing the envelope of it. In order to make the building efficient, the façade had to be completely sealed to guaranty no heated air leakage. They tested a

Higher load areas will require geopiers to be constructed under the footings to create a high load bearing capacity. The rest of the site and outbuildings will use spread footings. Structurally the building will be erected in three segmented sections separated by fire rated barriers.

Minor problems may also be encountered during the excavation stage, a soil test will need to be performed which may highlight the need for a higher class of slab which means that there is the possibility of higher construction costs.

First, as always, contact a knowledgeable foundation inspector. This generally is a civil engineer, structural engineer or P.E., or

In the case study of Macquarie Bank building, the diagonal pattern of the external frame creates a shell like exterior to protect the glass wall panels, which serve to allow penetration of natural light. It is this natural light and continuation of the structural display that further defines the interior (figure xx). Alberto Campo Baeza describes tectonic architecture as one that “defends itself from light, that has to look after and veil its open spaces to be able to control the light that pour into it” (Baeza 2009 p275). This is evident in the atrium of the Macquarie building. Upon entering the space, you walk upon warm recycled gum-tree hardwood floors that juxtapose the stark contrast of the white structure supporting the meeting space pods. As you can see in figure (xx), the internal space is dictated by the central atrium separating the east and west sides of the building, forming a protective shield for the workspaces while allowing connection to the outside world through an abundance of natural light and visible sky. Khan explains that “all spaces worthy of being called a space need natural light” (Khan 1961. p14) which is observable in the atrium space of Macquarie Bank building and influences the working environment of its inhabitants. The atrium design and central interior of the building is a poetic use of the tectonic language. It is the embodiment of a ‘hut’ design that reaches to the sky to enabling an abundance of natural light. Showcasing the external diagrid, which is visible from the interior through the curtain of glass walls to the exterior, the interior space additionally represents a lyrical use of materials and joinery. The structural frames on display through the buildings core draws occupants away from their desks, by

Foam board insulation consists mostly of applying foam boards of extruded or expanded foam on the outside or inside with the walls, roofs, and so on, along with the goal of minimizing warmth transfer along with the exterior atmosphere, consequently lowering the quantity of electricity employed for heating or cooling a specific constructing, not to mention stopping

It is evident that the Inca civil engineers had sufficient knowledge of slope stability that is very similar to the knowledge we have today. The exquisite foundations started with smaller rocks to secure solid bedding. Once the smaller rocks were in place, they placed slightly larger rocks on top, and increased the size of the rock as the foundation grew taller. Once the foundation had reached the surface of the ground, the sizes of the stones in width were around 0.8 meters (2.6 feet) wide (1). The walls of the building were constructed by alternating placing stones lengthwise and widthwise for additional stability. These stones would also have notches in them to place the next layer of stones in order to construct a more structurally sound building (3). The Incas also showed they were capable of cutting stones for special purposes such as recessed barholds in order to secure doorways. These ideas showed the Inca Indians had a vast structural engineering knowledge.

However, when inspecting a building envelope, one has to be aware of the physical phenomena taking place and how the outdoor environment interacts with the indoors. During the day, the occurrence solar radiation on the outside surface of the building is absorbed and thus increase its surface temperature. As a result of the temperature difference between external and internal wall surface, heat is conducted through the wall. While at night, heat is dissipated from the wall external surface to the lower temperature environment by radiation. Therefore, to avoid the occurrence of solar radiation, the inspection should be done at night or during cloudy day with low wind speeds to minimise convective heat losses.

Almost three-fourths of New York City’s greenhouse gas emissions come from heating, cooling and powering buildings, making buildings more energy efficient is installation of well insulated exterior walls that reduce heating and cooling demands, lowering home heating and air conditioning bills and potentially reduce energy consumption. The policy will allow existing buildings to add external insulation within the property line, while exempting it from floor area calculations and yard and open space regulations. The floor area of a building is the sum of the gross area of each floor of the building, excluding mechanical space, cellar space, floor space in open balconies, elevators or stair bulkheads and, in most zoning districts, floor space

Although these problems were corrected and the idea of building a skyscraper became a feasible task, there were many conditions that had to be taken into account, that did not need consideration when building a structure less than 40 stories tall. Four story buildings are supported by their own walls; however a new method needed to be created for skyscrapers since the previous building method would not provide enough support. Metal skeletal frames made of columns and beams were then developed to provide the support and strength needed for the skyscrapers. As the buildings grew taller, their structural design was made lighter and stiffer. Also, as the buildings grew taller, wind became an important issue. Normally, the force that acts on the skyscraper pushes directly downward towards the ground that would then counter balance that push. However, when an additional force acts on it, such as wind, the forces would act differently on the skyscraper. With a lateral force acting on the building, the steel columns of the frame on the windy side would stretch apart slightly while the columns on the other side would compress. Therefore, the skeletal frame built had to be made so that the structure would be free to move slightly with the wind and, at the same time, remain sturdy.

There are various methods of modifying the concept of strip foundations to allow its use in other situations, for instance where some soil has a poor bearing capacity. This may be the case in wet ground, soft clay or filled ground, where the width of the strip foundation can be extended to spread the load over a larger area of soil. This will require the provision of reinforcement to the foundation in order to withstand tension and spread the load over a wider area.

Superstructure bears the load that is being passed over the bridge and it transmits the forces caused by the same to substructure. Load received from the decking is transferred on to the substructure by Bearings. They also distribute the load evenly over the substructure material as it may not have sufficient strength to bear the superstructure load directly. Piers and Abutments are the vertical substructures which transfer the load to the earth in the foundation. Wing walls and returns are constructed as the extension of

The choice of a design concept for a bridge foundation is guided by various factors; several of these