Bullying And Early Adulthood

Bullying is defined as the prolonged malicious act of harming peers by abusing their own--or an existing imbalance of--power, and has become one of the most common sources of trauma among adolescents. One report shows that one of three children were victims of bullying during some point in their life, and that 10-14% of all adolescents were victims of chronic bullying for at least six months prior to participating in the survey. Children who were victims of bullying are also found to be at a higher risk of diagnoses for anxiety disorders and depression during young and middle adulthood. These victims are reported to be more likely to have lower levels of general/physical health, and lower educational acquirements than young and middle-aged adults who were not bullied (Wolke & Lereya, 2015). Because bullying is such a prominent problem, citizens, policymakers, and social scientists alike, should feel or have some social and moral obligation to address, and hopefully avert bullying. The state of bullying, and how it is enacted, is constantly changing and adapting to social frameworks. Because bullies can adapt to social changes and regulations, we, as a society, should be equally adaptive in how we perceive, address, prevent, and punish bullying.

Bullying has been recognized as a risk factor in improvement and personal growth of children and adulthood. It is a form of hostile conduct in which an individual engages to cause another individual harm or distress (Kirves, & Sajaniemi, 2012).. Therefore, it is vital to be able to detect signs of bullying in order to stop further consequences, such as self-harm, and suicide. Children who have experienced bullying become hopeless, anxious, have low self-efficacy, and have recurrent negative thoughts (Kirves, & Sajaniemi, 2012). Research in bullying has also concluded that children who bully other children are more prone to become anti-social and engage in criminal activity (Kirves, & Sajaniemi, 2012).

Bullying is an undesirable form of aggression that is mostly seen in kids of school ages in which one of the parties is less powerful. The aggressive behavior is normally repeated over a period of time. It has the power to have devastating, lasting problems. The purpose of this article is to provide a coherent analysis of the most recent research on bullying and to address the issues that still exist even when school-based programs have been implemented in schools since the 1980s.

The current paper is a review of the literature on the effect of bullying on adolescent development. There are a range of definitions of bullying but the most widely accepted one is the definition put forth by Olweus (1978), who was one of the first to apply a system wide successful intervention in Norway. He states

Bullying in schools in America is extremely common. Most experts attribute this to children having been exposed to violence in society. Being a victim of bullying has serious long-term consequences. Introvert and recluse children who are victims of bullying are apt to be immersed in depression and poor self-esteem. Some of these victims are more likely to either

Childhood bullying has increased over the years. Due to the increase, there are a lot of children who suffer from bullying. Bullying experiences can lead to many health risk. Traumatic experiences often play a major role in shaping psychological functioning. (Espelage, Hong, & Mebane, 2016) gives the readers a better understanding of how childhood bullying can linger through adulthood and cause mental health risk. (Espelage 2016) was a single case study located in the Midwest that consisted of 482 college students. The students completed a survey which measured childhood bullying, and current levels of psychological functioning. While completing the survey the students were measured in six different ways. The first measure was socio-demographic (Espelage 2016), which consisted of race/ethnicity, age, gender, and grade level. Second, (Espelage 2016) implemented history of bullying victimization by using the university of Illinois victimization scale. The third measure was poly victimization, (Espelage 2016) used the adult retrospective version of the juvenile victimization questionnaire. The fourth measure aimed towards depression and anxiety; (Espelage 2016) used the brief symptom inventory-measuring psychological symptoms in community, medical, and psychiatric samples (Derogatis 1993). The fifth measure, measured post traumatic stress by using the short PTSD rating interview (Espelage 2016) (Conner & Baudson 2001). Last, (Espelage 2016) measured missing data by using a

When hear about Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder we think of combat veterans and violent and near-death experiences. However, bullying can cause PTSD as well because it can cause fear, worry, sadness, anger, loneliness, low self-worth, inability to trust others. Bullying can take a psychological hard on both the bully and the victim and it is not clear how long these effects would last. Kids that are bullied were the most likely to be diagnosed with panic disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder consider suicide. Bullying can cause permeant issues like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (Gordon, 2014). Psychological bullying is to when the bully attacks the victim personally. The bully sometimes will make may make jokes about the victim’s

Bullying is a pervasive problem among children and adolescents, and may take various forms including physical (e.g., hitting), verbal (e.g., name-calling), relational (e.g., social isolation), or occurring in cyber space. Previous studies have consistently shown that depression is associated with exposure to bullying. Bully-victims, a group of individuals who are both bullies and victims, are a distinct group at highest risk for psychosocial problems.

In the peer-reviewed article Bullying and Being Bullied in Childhood Are Associated with Different Psychosocial Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health in Men, authors Karen A. Matthews, Richard J. Jennings, Laisze Lee, and Dustin A. Pardini presented the idea that adulthood can be greatly affected by childhood bullying and being bullied.

Many of us believe it is the younger age group that is bullied most often, we think this because they are still in the stages of growing up. However, according to “Age Trends in the Prevalence of Bullying” (2007), “bullying affects kids ages 11-15, they have also noticed, once the teen hits ninth grade bullying begins to peak.” (p. 1) The article “Bullying Statistics” (n.d) claims teens in sixth through 10th grade are likely to be involved in activities related to bullying (para. 2).” The definition of bullying according to Merriam Webster (2016), is to frighten, hurt, or threaten (a smaller or weaker person) (p. 1).”

Klomek AB, Sourander A, Elonheimo H. (2015). Bullying by peers in childhood and effect on psychopathology, suicidialty, and criminality in adulthood. Lancet Psychiatry. Oct;2(10):930-41. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00223-0.

adolescents deal with the pressures of being bullied. Additional studies can also help factor in

Peer relations play a major part in the social development and social upbringing of children at school. However, bullying during school years is an environmental factor that causes an increase in teenage aggression, especially after an adverse event. Studies conducted by Roland, & Idsøe (2001) demonstrate that being victimised by bullying causes increases in teenage aggression, especially that of reactive aggression. Reactive aggression is regarded as a frustrating or provoking event occurring to the individual, the individual may then display aggressive behaviour while they are angry. While this behaviour is generally short lived, an investigation into the effects of long-term bullying by Sharp, Thompson, & Arora, (2000) revealed that the most common negative reactions to long-term bullying was irritability which was linked to higher levels of stress and aggression. This study shows that if children are bullied throughout their schooling life they may be at higher risk of aggressive behaviours in their teenage years. Thompson,

The adults carry a profound memory of certain events and they are categorized as retrospective events of childhood. The child hood bullying is a common element is creating anxiety and depression during the adulthood (Boulton, 2013). It is also likely that the students of college remember those bullying and teasing experiences which tend to result into various issues. These issues could be inherited characteristics as well as the interventions strategies that are deployed as coping strategies. The college students suffering from childhood teasing and bullying are likely to recall these events and relate them in developing a closed approach for later relationships and trust. The below sections are focused to investigate the retrospective events of college students in order to understand their relationship with the school age bullying.

Not only are bullied children anxious, depressed, and underachieving during the months and years of their torment, but even years later, they have lower self-esteem as well as painful memories. 7 The picture is somewhat different, but often more ominous, for bullies. Contrary to the public perception that bullies are actually insecure and lonely, at the peak of their bullying they usually have friends who abet, fear, and admire them, and they seem brashly unapologetic about the pain they have inflicted, as they often claim, "all in fun." But their popularity and school success fade over the years, and especially if they are boys, they run a high risk of ending up in prison. In one longitudinal study done by Olweus, by age 24, two-thirds of the boys who had been bullies in the second grade were convicted of at least one felony, and one- third of those who had been bullies in the sixth through the ninth grades were already convicted of three or more crimes, often violent ones. International research likewise finds that children who are allowed to regularly victimize other children are at high risk of becoming violent offenders as adolescents and adults. 8 Unfortunately, bullying during middle childhood seems to be universal: it occurs in every nation that has been studied, is as much a problem in small