Burkitt Lymphoma Essay

Lymphoma or lymphatic cancer is a very serious and life threatening disease. In this country there is an estimated 63,900 new cases, 7,100 of which are Hodgkin’s lymphoma as opposed to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Since around the 70’s the occurrence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma has almost doubled while the occurrence of Hodgkin’s disease has declined. (Steen, 1993)

The treatment for Burkitt's Lymphoma consists mainly of Intensive Chemotherapy and may be combined with other treatments such as Rituximab, Radiation and Steroidal therapy. If chemotherapy does not decrease the rate of the cancer spreading, a bone marrow transplant or surgery will be done. Drugs such as Aoxprubican, Cytoxan, Methotrexate and Vincristine are prescribed. Certain chemotherapy drugs may be injected directly into the Cerebral Spinal Fluid. This method is known as Intrathecal

The Epstein-Barr Virus is part of the herpesvirus family and was the first virus discovered to cause a human cancer.  The virus has two stages of its life cycle, the latent phase, which allows the virus to lie dormant within a cell and the host and the lytic phase where the virus reproduces and spreads among cells.  Haloperidol (HPD), a common mood stabilizer, aids in the initiation of the lytic cycle.  Administering the Haloperidol at varying concentrations and exposure lengths will test what is the best time and concentration that will activate viral gene expression.  Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) will monitor the amplification of the BZLF1 gene expressed from the lytic virus and myc gene from the cell.  These genes are regulatory

This article covers the Seneca Valley Virus (SVV-001) as a hopeful for an oncolytic treatment of certain cancer types. More specifically those with neuroendocrine properties such as rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms tumor, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, and adult small-cell lung cancer. Each of which effect smooth/skeletal muscle cells, kidneys/adrenal glands (mainly in children), astrocytes of the brain, nerve cells of a fetus, and lung cells in adults respectively. The virus was discovered by accident in a contaminated cell culture that contained bovine serum to promote growth. The virus was later discovered to be almost exclusively found in farm animals such as cows and pigs, due to the presence of neutralizing antibodies that were later to only ever have been found in one human sample. Just as important as that, the virus only targets the cells of the above-mentioned cancers/tumors, is a self-replicating RNA virus, and its inability to infect other cells in the body all come together to result in the lysis of these specific cancer cells. These properties alone give great hope for SVV-001 as a treatment for those infected by these diseases, and prompted for more research into its medicinal possibilities.

Lymphoma has two categories but the most common is known as Non Hodgkin’s Disease. There are about ten different types of non hodgkin’s lymphomas, some slower or faster growing than others. “One type of non hodgkin’s lymphoma is called Burkitt’s lymphoma. This type of non hodgkin’s lymphoma is most often found in young people between the ages of twelve and thirty” (Freedman 24). Non hodgkin’s lymphoma affects twenty out of every one hundred thousand people in the U.S.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for 40 to 50% of all lymphomas in children and adolescents. It represents approximately 6% of all malignancies in patients aged 0 to 19 years though Burkitt lymphoma comprises the large majority of primary paediatric gastrointestinal tract lymphomas. It is a highly aggressive non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma that often presents at extranodal sites.

It is easy to ignore your problems, but facing your problems makes you vigorous and a true warrior. One scorching summer, Mason Lupus, an audacious, determined werewolf travels to the Wild Jungle of Borneo in South America, which consists of abounding species, to reconcile with his old friend Vincent Montgomery, a gullible and sincere lynx. After a lengthy fatiguing journey in the sun, Mason arrives and finds Vincent, who is getting horrifically bullied by his acquaintances, consequently this causes Mason to rage because Mason's acquaintances are taking advantage of Mason's gullible personality. Unable to handle Vincent's mortification, Mason becomes enraged, nevertheless he lashes out to Vincent as he exclaims, "You have excessively changed

When a parent takes their child to the doctor the last thing they want to hear is that their child has cancer. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon for a child to be diagnosed with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, also known as ALL. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is one of the most common forms of childhood cancer, and “makes up approximately 25% of cancer diagnoses among children under 15 years old” (3). Children under five years of age are at the most risk of developing ALL. Since it is an acute form of cancer once the onset has begun the disease quickly begins to worsen, therefore patients must seek treatment as soon as possible. “ALL is different than other diseases in that it is not just a single disease but also rather a group of related diseases with different subtypes”(1). This uniqueness causes the treatment of ALL to depend on the subtypes the patient has, therefore each

Different approaches are available to the surgeon for treatment of congenital cholesteatomas depending on the location and extent of the disease. Here we introduce a novel approach for a cholesteatoma seen through the anterior superior quadrant of the tympanic membrane. For three patients with such a cholesteatoma we removed their cholesteatomas after the amputation of the malleus handle using a semiconductor laser with or without reconstruction of the handle.

Treatment of lymphoma may cause fibrosis and necrosis in lymph nodes which can limit size-based response assessments. In 1999, the IWG criteria commonly known as Cheson criteria, defined five categories of clinical response based on CT imaging of lesion size for non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) [36]. Original criteria had limitations such as a high variability, the failure to consider 18FDG-PET, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry and the failure to take into account non-nodal disease. Revised criteria by the IWG published in 2007, were applied to NHL and also Hodgkin's disease [37]. It integrates 18FDG-PET, IHC, and flow cytometry into original criteria which adds more sensitivity to both staging and evaluation of treatment response.

Leukemia has many different types and those types have subtypes which subdivide into more division. Leukemia is defined as an increase in cancerous white blood cells (WBC’s) which fill the bone marrow and blood stream. I will be focusing on Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) whose mechanism I could not totally understand but will try to explain to the best of my abilities. The T lymphocyte or B lymphocyte is what becomes neoplastic in ALL. Mechanisms of leukemia include chromosome rearrangement creating a Philadelphia chromosome. The growth of the white blood cells is disrupted; hyperplasia occurs in many organs and tissues due to the lymphoblast compiling, which in turn disturb their regular function. In the bone marrow the uninhibited lymphoblast

The virus is the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis both in childhood and adulthood. The disease is caused by proliferation of infected B cells and later their destruction by activated T cells (CTLs). EBV infects the mucosal epithelial cells, releasing progeny virus into the saliva and the B lymphocytes which leads to a long term, latent infection with little or no production of progeny virus (Acheson, 2011). Chronic EBV infection has been linked to multiple diseases including Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin disease,

This is a nested case-control study. It is considered nested because it was a case control study performed within a larger study of childhood cancer conducted at a pediatric oncology unit in a hospital in Blantyre, Malawi, between July 2005 and July 2006. It is a case-control study because the cases in the study were children admitted to the oncology unit who were diagnosed with Burkitt lymphoma and were compared to control children with non-malignant conditions also admitted to the hospital. The information about exposures or risks were obtained through interviews and serological samples tested for antibodies against HIV, EBV and malaria.

The gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) establish lifelong persistent infection in the host and are capable of causing several lymphomas and neoplasms. Gammaherpesviruses have two distinct phases in the life cycle: lytic replication and latency. Lytic replication is cleared by the immune system, the virus evades detection by the immune system and maintains a lifelong persistence in the host by establishing latency. Viral latency in B cells is the critical event associated with tumorgenesis. The innate immune system employs the Type I Interferon (IFN) response to combat viral infection. IFN family of cytokines signals the presence of an intracellular infection and activates the transcription of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). ISG products are a diverse collection of proteins that promote antiviral and immunomodulatory functions. This proposal

EBV, along with some other viruses, transcribe their DNA in a very regulated and temporal fashion. These stages, or sets of genes, are called the immediate early (IE) genes, early (E) genes, and late (L) genes. The tegument protein VP16 helps initiate the transcription of the IE genes, which code for DNA binding proteins that will be useful for the remaining steps of transcription1. E genes codes for proteins necessary for vDNA replication as well as other helpful proteins for transcription and L genes code for structural proteins that aren’t needed until after viral replication has started1. As IE and E genes are replicated and transcribed they are exported to the cell cytoplasm for translation and the appropriate proteins are brought back into the nucleus to aid in transcription or