Burkitt's Lymphoma Essay

The treatment for Burkitt's Lymphoma consists mainly of Intensive Chemotherapy and may be combined with other treatments such as Rituximab, Radiation and Steroidal therapy. If chemotherapy does not decrease the rate of the cancer spreading, a bone marrow transplant or surgery will be done. Drugs such as Aoxprubican, Cytoxan, Methotrexate and Vincristine are prescribed. Certain chemotherapy drugs may be injected directly into the Cerebral Spinal Fluid. This method is known as Intrathecal

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for 40 to 50% of all lymphomas in children and adolescents. It represents approximately 6% of all malignancies in patients aged 0 to 19 years though Burkitt lymphoma comprises the large majority of primary paediatric gastrointestinal tract lymphomas. It is a highly aggressive non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma that often presents at extranodal sites.

Burkitt’s lymphoma is an uncommon form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In United States, the case rate during 2001-2009 period was 0.4 cases per 100,000 population according to NCI’s SEER statistical database.1 Burkitt’s lymphoma constitutes 0.4% of all the lymphoid tumor accounting for between 40 and 50% of childhood non-Hodgkin 's lymphomas (NHLs) in non-endemic areas.2-4 The sporadic form in adults accounts for 1–2% of all adult lymphomas in western Europe and the United States.5

Hodgkin’s lymphoma has unique malignant mononucleated Hodgkin and multinucleated Reed-Stemberg cells or Hodgkin/Reed-Stemberg [HRS] cells, which make up a small fraction of cells in affected lymph nodes.4 These cells are embedded in an infiltrate of reactive hematopoietic cells. They are composed of T and B- lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils and are usually non- malignant. The malignant HRS cells do not contain a phenotype that can allow it to be assigned to a defined hematopoietic cell type; therefore, their origin has been debated. HRS cells are mostly derived from germinal center or post GC B cells and have lost the B cell specific gene expression program, unlike other B cell derived lymphomas where the gene cell pattern shows the differentiation stage of the origin. It is unclear how these cells survive since these types of cells usually undergo apoptotic cell death. Additionally, there have been a number of molecular defects in HRS cells that have been identified. These include activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor kapp B, members of the STAT signaling pathway, activator protein 2, and deregulated NOTCH1 signaling.4 The deregulation of these pathways is found in most HRS cells in nearly all cases of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. This points to the relevance of these pathways for HRS cell survival, regulation, and growth of HRS cell-specific gene

Stage 4: Hodgkin lymphoma has spread widely into at least one organ outside of the lymph system,

There are approximately 62,000 people around the world that are diagnosed with lymphoma every year. That means about 169 people are diagnosed with lymphoma every day, and some of us aren’t even aware of what lymphoma is. Lymphoma is a blood cancer that takes place when lymphocytes start to behave abnormal. Once the cells become abnormal they stop protecting the body from infections or diseases which cause them to grow without control and form tumors. There are two main types of lymphomas, there is Hodgkin Lymphoma which involves Reed Sternberg cells, giant cells, and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, which would be all the ones that don’t involve Reed Sternberg cells.

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma are cancers that do not originate in white blood cells but rather elsewhere in the lymphatic system such as a lymph node, bone marrow, spleen, or thymus and are categorized into which cells it effects such as B-cell, T-cell and NK-cells (MD Cancer Center, 2015). B-cell lymphoma represents the majority of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (85%) and of these Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) represents about 5% of the type of B-cell lymphoma (American Cancer Society, 2015). According to the American Cancer Society, MCL is rare, common in men in their later years (60s) and is a slow growing cancer (2015). The gentleman presented in this case study has been diagnosed with MCL; his medical findings, plan of care and treatment will be discussed and correlated with today’s guidelines and practices for the MCL population in making his cancer history.

Burkitt’s lymphoma is a very aggressive type of B-cell NHL with replication approaching 100%. It has three clinical forms; endemic, sporadic and immunodeficiency associated. The endemic variant is common in Africa, the sporadic variant is present in the U.S and Western Europe, and immunocompromised variant occurs mainly in HIV patients. The sporadic variant comprises 30% of pediatric lymphomas and less than 1% of adult NHL.

In more advanced stages of Hodgkin’s lymphoma, the same treatment regimen is used except commonly with a more aggressive chemotherapy drug regimen of BEACOPP (blemoycin, etopside, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and procarbazine) instead of ABVD.2 Individuals are also administered this treatment more frequently, typically weekly, depending on the extent of metastasis that has occurred and the location of the

“Hodgkins Lymphoma cancer is a cancer that starts with your white blood cells called the lymphocytes, which is part of the body’s immune system. Since the 1970’s HL rates have doubled. Part of the reason for the rise may be due to AIDS, which increases the risk of high-grade lymphomas. We have B cells in our body that help protect the body against germs (bacteria or viruses) by making proteins called antibodies. The antibodies attach to the germs, marking them for destruction by other parts of the immune system. We also have a cell called the T cell, T cells destroy germs or abnormal cells in the body. Other T cells help boost or slow down the activity of other immune system cells The lymph system is apart of the immune system which helps fight

The author of this study discusses the uncommonness of adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia, and the challenges they face for treatment. Acute lymphocytic leukemia makes up only 1% of cancers found in adults, and 25% of cancers found in children. They provide detailed research and dedicated biology cytogenetics and therapies.

Lymphoma is a type of lymphatic cancer. There are two different types of lymphoma called Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin. These two lymphomas are rendered cancerous because they not only invade but also destroy normal tissues (Very 2016.) The major differences between these two categories are how the cancer behaves, spreads, and responds to treatment. To determine which lymphoma is present, the cancer cells can be identified under a microscope. Classic Hodgkin lymphoma is the most common form, representing 95% of all cases of Hodgkin lymphoma (Flavell 2010.) This cancer normally begins in the lymph nodes in the upper part of the body.

The bcr-abl protein is a perpetually active version of a cell proliferation signal. The normal versions of these intracellular tyrosine kinases are generally inactivated unless the cell is responding to growth factors or cytokines that promote cell proliferation. The bcr-abl protein is a different story. It acts like a broken record, continuously telling the cell to copy its DNA and undergo cell division. Consequently, lymphocytes that undergo the t9:22 translocation begin to proliferate out of

The fact that it is a Primary Bilateral ovarian DLBCL with plasmablastic features and immunostaining negative for CD 20 with imaging pattern suggestive of ovarian carcinoma in a HIV negative female makes it an interesting

1980s: researchers found that chronic myeloid leukaemia is achieved by translocation of a BCR gene of chromosome 22 to an ABL gene of chromosome 9 then the two genes make diffusion to form an 8-kilobase RNA that is responsible for tyrosine proteins synthesis which is the starting stage of chronic myelogenous leukaemia.12