By the late 1950s, the African American community was ready to fight for the major social change

Half a decade later, four college students came to the lunch counter of the Elm St. Woolsworth’s and ordered coffee. Their request was refused, and the college students remained in their seats for an hour. Over the next few months, more and more African Americans continued the sit-in, and later that year, the Elm St. Woolsworth’s lunch counter became integrated.

In order to achieve this, civil rights activists “used nonviolent tactics” such as “boycotts, marches and sit-ins” (Thomas). From this united black movement rose many prominent figures such as Rosa Parks who “refused to yield her seat” on bus to a white man to rebel against segregation on transportation as well as Martin Luther King Jr. who gave his famous speech and led countless marches (Kronenwetter). These individuals inspired many to come forward and join the movement. Organizations such as Congress of Racial Equality were formed and groups such as Freedom Riders and Freedom Summer took action in different states in the south to fight for equality and justice. Black power finally started to take a major step forward in the late 1950s and 1960s as the “Brown v. Board of Education ruling desegregated schools” (Thomas). The final bill proposed by Kennedy and finally signed by Johnson was the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which “ended segregation in public places and employment based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin” (Thomas) and ultimately propelled black power forward. However, the civil rights movement ended abruptly when king was assassinated in 1968 (Kronenwetter). All in all, during the 1950-1960, America went through great change. The civil rights movement changed American society forever; all the blood, sweat, and sacrifice paid off as the black society gained more opportunities and improved

They were arrested and found guilty in three different court appearances. In the Wichita and Oklahoma City Sit some sat in at a lunch counter and some sat in at a drug store called Dockum Drugs. Sit ins left some of the Freedom Riders severely injured one Rider Jim Peck left the hospital with 53 stitches. The White people who weren’t associated with the Freedom Riders hated their actions and beat them until they were almost dead. Jim Peck was extremely lucky to get out alive. Just because they were beat up, wounded, and tattered they didn’t give up because it meant so much to them to become equal. Sit ins were extremely successful in a way where they caused widespread diffusion of integrating public places. Some sit INS were so dramatic every place around them got rid of segregation. The Nashville and Greensboro sit ins launched a wave of anti segregation sit ins across the South and opened a national awareness of segregation. After most sit ins the place became integrated. Sit ins were very successful in integrating the south.

Another tactic used in the Civil Rights Movement (CRM) was challenging state laws about the mixing of multiple races. This strategy was put to the test in 1961 when eight white men and eight african americans rode interstate buses through Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky, triggering harassment and arrest. An original intention of this action, also known as the Journey for Reconciliation, was to raise awareness towards the organization CORE and help society realize how segregation was affecting the struggling communities. (Zunes and Laird 2010, The US Civil Rights Movement (1942-1968).) CORE, although a consistently small organization, made the freedom rides successful by conducting multiple sit-ins, such as Chicago in 1942, St. Lewis in 1949, and Baltimore in 1959. They also collaborated with the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) in 1947 for the first freedom ride. (Zunes and Laird 2010, The US Civil Rights Movement (1942-1968).) However, even with CORE executing these plans, there were still some amazing and bold leaders fighting in and out of the sit-ins. James Lawson passed his powerful beliefs on along with the principles of Gandhian nonviolence to train potential future front runners. He also became the field secretary for FOR and in his time there arranged the Nashville Student Movement's sit-in campaign of 1960. Another key figure in the freedom rides was Joseph Perkins from Owensboro, Kentucky, the Field Secretary of CORE starting from 1960. He was

Freedom Riders exposed the many ways of Southern resistance by the numerous acts of violence committed towards them. Violence was experienced not from civilians, police officers and a mass of Ku Klux Klan members (KKK). The Freedom riders faced bus bombings, being beaten, and near lynching. The Freedom Riders decided to unmask what was happening in the south to showcase the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions Morgan v. Virginia in 1946 and Boynton v. Virginia in 1960, which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional.The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them. "The Riders' dangerous passage through the bus terminals and jails of the Jim Crow South represented only one part of an extended journey for justice that stretched back to the dawn of American history and beyond" (Arsenault 10). The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) sponsored most of the Freedom Rides, but some were also organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). The Freedom Rides consisted of dramatic sit-ins against segregated lunch counters, conducted by students and youth throughout the South, and boycotts of retail establishments that maintained segregated facilities, beginning in 1960.The Supreme Court's decision in Boynton supported the right of interstate travelers to disregard local segregation ordinances. Southern local and state police considered the actions of the Freedom Riders to be

Following, on May 4, 1961, a mixed group of 13 African Americans and white civil rights activist led the Freedom Rides (Freedom Rides?). Similar, to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Freedom Rides traveled to various cities in the south to protest against segregation of the bus terminals. History.com staff concurs “the Freedom Rides, a series of bus trips through the American South to protest segregation in interstate bus terminals.” The purpose of the freedom riders was to openly disobey the Jim Crow laws in the south in a nonviolent fashion. This was a dangerous journey, many of these people were beaten, arrested, and even the buses were destroyed. Yet, they persevered (“Freedom Riders: The Nashville Connection”). History.com staff, adds “The Freedom Riders, were recruited by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a U.S. civil rights group, they departed from Washington D.C., and attempted to integrate facilities at bus terminals along the way in the Deep South.” African Americans would try to use the “whites only” bathrooms and counters, which attracted attention and violence (Freedom Rides). According to the history.com staff due to the efforts of the Freedom Rides, “in September 1961, the interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations prohibiting segregation in bus and train nationwide.” The

"You have the right to live in the kind of world where your rights and freedoms are respected" conveyed in Article 28 draws attention to the way aboriginal people were forced to live in, as they were prejudiced from the main towns in Australia. Article 28 gave respected freedom and rights to the indigenous to live however they want. On the 4th of May, 1961 a similar protest to the aboriginal freedom ride took place. A group of African-American and white civil rights protestants began bus trips to several towns in South America. The Freedom Rides were established by the Congress of Racial Equality, a US civil rights groups. Their purpose was to test the 1960 decision that segregation of national bus terminals was prohibited. They attempted to use 'white only' lunch tables, waiting rooms and restrooms. This proved to be a dangerous mission as they endured a lot of violent. Another evidence of White-Americans hatred towards the Africans was the incident that transpired inAnniston, Alabama. One bus was firebombed and the African-American passengers were forced to flee for their lives.

In addition to the previous events, the “I Have a Dream” speech in 1963 took place. This was located on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to a crowd estimated at 250,000 people. The King gives this speech for freedom; it strongly concerns freedom from slavery, containing the non-violent movement, and a general

African Americans were able to gain much attention and sympathy through their various protests and they were also able to advance politically and economically with their enactment of civil rights laws. In the 1960s nonviolent protests were prevalent among African American; in 1960 students in North Carolina started the sit-in movement after being denied service at Woolworth’s lunch counter (which was segregated). Thereafter the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was formed to maintain this movement where students would deliberately get arrested for sitting in restricted areas. This movement facilitated the

and also riots by a more aggressive and violent group known as the black panthers. The efforts of African Americans and their protests gained enough attention and publicity that Lyndon B. Johnson, the president at the time, felt sympathy for the African Americans and passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In Document D the sympathy that President Johnson had is shown, he states in the act “ all persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities and privileges.... accommodations of any place of public accommodation... without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin.” The civil rights act provided rights for every single United States citizen and helped not only

Another significant transformation took place in the Civil Rights Movement in terms of its strategies. In analyzing this facet of the movement, we notice a great shift from nonviolent demonstration to forward, forceful action. Specifically, at the start of the Civil Rights Movement, lunch counter sit-ins were evident throughout the nation, as were Freedom Riders. Starting in Greensboro, North Carolina at a luncheonette called Woolworths, young black citizens would seat

It was on the day of August 28, 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial where about 200,000 people or even more, gathered after the March on Washington. Dr. Martin Luther King administered his famous speech: I have a Dream to America. This is where he spoke about the inequity and segregation of African Americans. King incorporates the following rhetorical strategies: Ethos, Logos, and Pathos into his speech by showing the rest of America what was going on.

Martin Luther King’s speech was made after the March on Washington on August 28, 1963. He delivered the “I Have a dream” speech on the Lincoln Memorial steps. He verbalized this speech to millions of people blacks and whites. This is one of the greatest speeches because it has many elements like repetition, assonance and consonance, pathos, logos, and ethos.

13 Freedom Riders were divided into two groups and left for Birmingham, Alabama on May 1, 1961. The two buses, a Grey hound and a Trailways bus, departed from Washington, D.C. 7 black and 6 white men and women were led by CORE director, James Farmer. The riders plan was to have at least 1 interracial pair sitting beside one another and at least 1 single black person sitting in the front of the bus which was reserved for whites only. The remainders of the group would sit where there was room. Only one of the Freedom Riders in the group would obey the South’s segregation laws.

To describe the sit-ins, it's when members of the CORE organization would sit down in a public area, if they were asked to have to move they would simply remain seated. This was developed by the CORE in 1943. This strategy was mainly to against businesses that served to protesters to risk the disruption or losing business in the 1960's. However, young white people were very brutally, beating the protesters whose part of the sit in. Martin Luther King, Jr. started involving students in the sit-ins in the campus with the support of SCLC, however many of the participants were arrested and served in jail. Freedom Riders started out in 1961. As for banning the segregation, African Americans had tested their rights. A bus full of African American