¿Cómo es posible que el oficio más viejo del mundo sea el último que sea reconocido como trabajo?

Traditionally the Spanish world throughout the 1960s saw women confined by socially constructed roles that were considered acceptable for their gender (Preston, 2015). These social norms restricted women from opportunities in both private and public spheres of life, and the role of a woman was deemed as no more than a wife, mother and homemaker (O’Connor, 2012; Culture 2016). With female identity strongly equated with roles that were deemed ‘feminine’, these oppressed notions dictated what women could or could not achieve and encouraged the continuation of patriarchal hierarchies (Brown, 2006). In many Spanish families, women were raised to obey the orders from their fathers and husbands, and continue traditional family obligations (Vazquez, 1998). This also meant

The above regulations outlines the positive impact associated with government-regulated prostitution and the reduction of negative externalities on this market. First, licensed brothels provide security and protection to and from prostitutes, customers and locals in the area, which is not always provided in illegal prostitution. Secondly, prostitutes must use condoms, and regularly take STD tests. This protects the prostitute from getting diseases, while also mitigating the spread of disease if they were to catch a STD. These protective implementations have spill over

Vaca, he was born around 1490 to a decent family in Spain. His name means

Governments of Western nations are trying to change the appearance and the way prostitution is managed, little consensus exists but new laws are being adopted some met with fierce criticism. Prostitution is the sale of sexual services of oneself for money or goods and without

When faced with inexplicable working conditions, one’s first consideration would be to quit their job and to find a new one. In the case of the factory workers at Hacienda Tijuana, a Mexican tortilla factory, that is certainly not the case. Throughout this article, there are many issues that are presented to the reader. This essay is structured to examine three of the main issues. It begins by looking at the exploitation of the women and their lack of rights as workers in the factory. It examines the analytical framework that would be most appropriate for this situation and then progresses to relate many sociological theories to this issue. Next, it examines the mostly negative effects of globalization, modernization and industrialization.

With no government control or regulation, work-place violence, harassment, and medical care are not monitored or concerned, even though this line of work is the most vulnerable to all three conditions. In fact, nearly seventy-five percent of sex-workers experience work-place violence. For this, “decriminalization could be the best means to protect the rights of sex workers and ensure that these individuals receive adequate medical care, legal assistance, and police protection” (Amnesty International). Along with Amnesty International, one of the most respected human rights organizations in the world, the World Health Organization, UN Women, Global Commission on HIV and the law, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Health, Human Rights Watch, and the Open Society Foundations also support the decriminalization of prostitution in the United States. Criminalizing prostitution will not end prostitution. Instead, the only plausible solution is government regulation. With government support, clients can be tracked through credit cards and any violence or harassment will be able to be reported and taken care of, on a legal level. The sex-work industry also has alarming statistics involving STI’s and STD’s. The men who control the women, or the ‘pimps’, force the women to have oral, vaginal, and anal sex without any kind of contraception, if that is what the client prefers. The Porn Industry,

People may not believe that there is a positive outcome of prostitution when first thought of. In fact, there are multiple ways that prostitution can benefit the sex workers, society, and even the economy. A quantitative and qualitative study was made by Lutnik and Cohan in San Francisco on prostitutes in the area. Although the sex workers that were interviewed are not part of the Canadian society, the United States is also part of the Western Civilization and the results reflect those of Canada as well. In the study, women spoke about the beneficial factors of having “police protection, the ability to build community with other sex worker, and obtaining rights as workers” upon the legalization of prostitution (Lutnik and Cohan, 2009: 41). Overall, the prostitutes that were surveyed preferred the “removal of statutes that criminalize sex work in order to facilitate a social and political environment where they had legal rights and could seek help when they are victims of violence.” (Lutnik and Cohan, 2009: 39). This research provides evidence that majority of people in the sex worker industry would like to feel safer as they are working as every person is entitles to feel safe when they go to work. Considering the health of the sex workers, a study was presented at the International AIDS Conference in Australia which showed results of the transmittal of HIV/AIDS among sex workers would decrease by 33-46% if prostitution is either legalized, or at least decriminalized (Listland, 2014). Another factor that is considered regarding sex workers and the legalization is the diminishing of violence and sex crimes. In the same research study conducted by Lutnik and Cohan, it was found that 91% of prostitutes desired laws that protected their rights in specific, and they also wanted more police protection, create safe houses, and would be safest under a regulated system (Lutnik and Cohan, 2009: 41, 43). Lastly, a

For the purpose of this study, male prostitutes and sexual acts such pornography, stripping and erotic massage are excluded from the definition of prostitution. The terms ‘sex worker’ and ‘prostitute’ will be used interchangeably throughout the paper. The term ‘sex work’ was coined to circumvent the stigma that accompanies prostitution and to acknowledge that it generates income, like any other profession in our society.

Femininity among the Latin American culture at the time revolved around a set of assumptions regarding feminine style, appearance, and behavior, including sexual behavior, that placed the role of women as subservient to that of men.3 Firm gender roles in the societies placed female responsibility as the care taker of the household, responsible for the family budget, the health of their children, and the creation of wholesome home environments.4 Harsh criticisms of women who joined the working class resulted in working class women fighting to maintain their femininity, in the eye of the public and their own eyes as well, as it often was seen as synonymous with a woman’s self-worth and self-respect.3 These criticisms of working class woman were seen from the working class men, for example in Sao Paulo where male textile unionists complained to Vargas that women factory workers was shameful and revolting as it lead to increased male unemployment.5 Criticisms also arose from middle class women, who are often depicted by working class woman as mocking and insulting.6 With criticisms and obstacles presenting themselves from all directions, working class women had very little alternative than to cling

She believes that the cheap labor model of the maquiladora industry can be ethical. That idea is not guaranteed—the hierarchal structure of the factories is a strong force. They provide jobs to those who are in need; “maquiladoras changed everything because they paid better wages than the rest of Mexico” (De La Torre & Funari, 2006, 1:48). By accumulating workers and treating them like commodities, maquiladoras continue the cycle of abuse and degradation of their workers. The ideology and hierarchy that surrounds maquiladoras is a long way from change “since to treat a disposable worker as if she were not disposable would be silly and irrational” (Wright, 2006, p.5). In the factory setting, there is no motion to change the status of women. The status quo is essential for its operation. The “flexible Mexican male worker only materializes in tandem with the inflexible female one” (Wright, 2006, p.52). While men are dependent on female workers, they also institute concepts that keep them in a devalued space. This is an elevation of the agent (men) over female agency. In the factories, men are seen as capable of flexible trained work and women are divorced from the ability of their bodies. Wright (2006) identifies this structure this as “the prosthetic body of supervision” (p.46). The emphasis on the male mind gives man purpose in the maquiladoras; women have “accepted man’s sovereignty… [and] emerged as the inessential” (Beauvoir, 2011, p.160). Female identity is reconfirmed through the factories’ “macho culture” (Wright, 2006, p.55) and their perceived lack of trainability and value in the

The popularity of sex tourism is an industry that continues to grow over the years as more and more men travel abroad looking for cheap sex. Its continued growth, specifically in Tijuana, Mexico can be attributed to its convenient location next to the US-Mexico border. Another factor is the legalization of sex work in Tijuana’s “La Zona Roja” (Red-light district), where men can easily pay for sex without facing any of the consequences as they would in the United States. Consequently, with the high demand of sex workers needed for the use of sex tourism in prime locations such as La Zona Roja, there is a higher risk of women and young girls being trafficked and forced to work in this area.

Border town, is a place where money and power speak louder than human rights, where corruption plays a huge role. The maquiladora industry’s owners do not offer any sort of protection for their workers, and as a result every female worker puts her life in jeopardy daily. The industry’s owners are more concerned with themselves, and do not provide any sort of security for their female employees.

Ignoring the consent of women perpetuates inequality and would seem to be discriminatory. The Department of Social Work, University of Gothenburg, Sweden said that “To unilaterally proclaim someone as an exploited victim or needy belongs to the so-called paternalistic tradition where the experts have power to define the clients.” In this set-up, the society or Government forces help to the women exploited in prostitution as they unilaterally consider them as victims, hence, presents two problems: 1) it denies sex-workers’ rights to autonomy, perpetuates a paternalistic society, and leads to victim blaming; 2) people in sex-work are continually stigmatized.

Cuando era más chica, me enseñaron (o tal vez fue la impresión que me dieron) que las leyes científicas, teorías y factores siempre estaban correctas, que iban a ser invocadas, porque se basaban en observaciones objetivas, hechos concretos y pruebas, y aun que yo sabía que otras teorías científicas en el pasado habían sido refutadas (por ejemplo la que decía que la tierra era plana), nunca se me ocurrió pensar que eso también podría ser cierto ahora. Pero entonces llegó el día en que Plutón dejó de ser considerado un planeta , y después de estudiar por dos años los nueve planetas que componen el sistema solar, me dijeron que ahora habían ocho planetas, ya que el noveno (Plutón) había sido considerado recientemente como un cometa, por lo tanto después de un par de meses de confusión (y algunas preguntas incorrectas en las pruebas, porque me tomo un tiempo asumir que lo que yo pensaba que era un hecho, una verdad absoluta, ya no era valido), finalmente me di cuenta que la ciencia no era infalible, que no era un cien por ciento exacta, y que un una pequeña evidencia podía influir mucho. La ciencia es una parte fundamental de nuestra sociedad, nace de la curiosidad humana y busca dar una explicación a los distintos aspectos del mundo. Por otro lado, la ciencia busca la verdad, aun que, no siempre la encuentra o si es que la encuentra no siempre esta correcta. La tierra no es plana, la vida no aparece espontáneamente de objetos (generación espontanea), Plutón no es un planeta,

¿Por que hay tantas clases de seres vivos? ¿Porque la Tierra es el habitat de millos de especies, desde bacterias hasta plantas u organismo marinos, que a veces parecen seres de ciencia ficcion? La busqueda de una explicacion para la gran diversidad biologica tomo impulso en el siglo XIX, cuando Charles Darwin propuso la teoria de la evolucion mediante la seleccion natural. ¿Charles Darwin es considerado el primero cientifico que studio la evolución? La evolucion sin embargo, ya habia sido el centro de discusiones academicas mucho antes de que Darwin formulase su teoria.