C. Diff Infection Reflective Report

Clostridium difficile associated disease will resolve when the patient discontinues taking the antibiotics to which he/she has been previously exposed (Nipa, 2010). Administration of a different antibiotic is used to treat the infection (Grossman, 2010). The infection can usually be treated with an appropriate course of about 10 days of antibiotics including metronidazole or vancomycin administered orally (Nipa, 2010). On occasion intravenous vancomycin may be necessary (Gould, 2010). The nurse should ensure patients are not only taking the newly prescribed antibiotic, but also responding to the treatment by showing a decrease in symptoms. Symptoms can recur despite antibiotic therapy, close monitoring is essential. In order to avoid risk of further complications, nursing interventions would include careful assessment of white blood cell count, temperature, and hydration status; meticulous skin care and assistance with bowel elimination given the loose frequent stools; and management of abdominal discomfort (Grossman, 2010).

In the article, Poop Pills Sound Gross, but Cure Serious Gut Infections, by Associated Press, doctors have found a way to put healthy people's poop into pills-and these pills are now being used to cure serious gut infections. In the article it states that, “Half a million Americans get Clostridium difficile, or C-diff, infections and about 14,000 die.” This was when poop pills were not invented yet and they had treatments that were very uncomfortable and very pricy. They did get rid off the bad bacteria in that area, but it destroyed the healthy, good bacteria and could cause reinfections of C-diff. C-diff is an infection in our bodies that gives us issues when we go to the bathroom. The, one time treatment created by Dr. Thomas Louie

Clostridium difficile was discovered and isolated from neonates in 1935. It was initially considered a component of the fecal flora of newborns and not thought to be pathogenic (Keessen, Gaastra, & Lipman, 2010). The history of C. diff and other antibiotic resistant pathogens are closely related with the history of antibiotics. The first antibiotic discovered was penicillin by Alexander Fleming while working with Staphylococcus. With this discovery, a surge of natural and synthetic drugs was discovered to treat bacterial infections. During the 1970s, clindamycin and cephalosporins were highly used as an effective antibiotic against bacterial infection but at the same time disrupted the normal, healthy bowel flora, allowing C.

Clostridium difficle is an opportunistic bacterium that can overgrow in immunocompromised individuals and become a difficult condition to manage. Clostridium difficle Colitis remains challenging for medical professionals due to the bacteria’s rapidly developing resistant and the immunosuppressed state the patient is in. The bacterial infection is more prevalent in the elderly community and immune compromised individuals in particular

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a pervasive and troublesome bacterium in healthcare. If left untreated it can lead to a plethora of complications—acute, chronic, and even fatal. C. difficile is a gram positive bacillus (with a capsule) and has ideal conditions for growth at around 37°C in an obligate anaerobic environment. In its vegetative state, C. difficile contains multiple flagella for motility within the intestinal tract; 1 however, once outside of its ideal environment, or through active shedding, it’s left latent within its hardy endospore until it is in its ideal environment once again.

Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive spore-forming bacteria; first isolated and published in 1935 by Hall and O’Toole. This was accomplished from the stool of a healthy infant. However, it was not until 1978 that C. difficile was identified as being associated with many cases of antibiotic-resistant diarrhea.1 C. difficile has since become one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections in the United States. A study conducted in 2015 has estimated that C. difficile infection has an incident of 453,000 (95% confidence interval) in the United States.2 This has placed a tremendous burden on the US healthcare system. According to data from 2008, C. difficile infections have accumulated an excess cost of $4.8 billion to the US healthcare system.3

A 51 year old Hispanic woman was readmitted to our hospital for the sixth time, with complaints of nausea, vomiting, diffuse abdominal pain and diarrhea. She was first diagnosed with C diff, after she was started on a course of Doxycycline for urinary tract infection. She was discharged 1 week prior to the current admission, on vancomycin taper for treatment of recurrent C diff. During her previous admissions, she had positive blood cultures with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Eubacterium lentum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Aceinetobacter lwoffi and Staphylococcus simulans. Her ESR has been persistently high, with mildly elevated transaminases and alkaline phosphatase.

Clostridium difficile, also known as C. diff, is a bacterium that causes severe symptoms, including inflammation of the colon, which can be life threatening (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). It is a very common infection that affects hundreds of thousands in the United States alone. If not caught and treated early, it can be deadly. I kills thousands of people in the United States every year (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2017). It is extremely important to learn the signs and symptoms of this infection so treatment can begin as early as possible.

The rate of costridium difficile infection has increased in both hospital and community settings during the last two decades. The main caused of C. difficle is inappropriate use of antibiotic usage. Doctors are prescribing antibiotics for virus related SXS and environmental factors. The first step to treating C. difficile is stop taking the antibiotic that triggered the infection. For severe and recurrent cases Doctors usually prescribe Vancomycin according to the CDC. This antibiotic is gradually tapered dose given once every few days. If the antibiotic does not work and C. difficle caused damage to organs and interfere with electrolyte balance than surgery can be done to remove the part of the intestine that is damaged. Another way to treat

Clostridium difficile infection is a suprainfection cause by prolong use of antibiotics. Board spectrum antibiotic such as Penicillins, clindamycin, and cephalosporins are the antimicrobial drugs most commonly associated with C difficile colitis. According to Owens, in his research, C. difficile is primarily acquired in hospitals. Spread by spores, it can colonize a patient’s gut after helpful gut bacteria are killed by antibiotics. Its toxins can cause severe diarrhea and colitis, and it can be fatal (Owens 2013). On the other hand Kim in his research agreed clostridium difficile infection has been considered a hospital-acquired infection. However, a recent population-based study found 41% of CDIs were actually community acquired. It is becoming apparent that community acquired CDI affects populations previously thought to be at low risk; younger patients and patients who had no exposure to antibiotics in the 12 weeks before the infection. Thus, it is necessary to advocate and teach patient about

Hello Kee. Your topic seems to be noteworthy! I find it interesting how probiotics can help decrease the incidence of C. diff. infection and I look forward to seeing the result of your lit review! It would be great to know that the evidence-based research studies could guide us as care providers in terms of educating our patients about the significance of these dietary supplements to reduce the prevalence of the C. diff. infection. This infection is a huge deal in health care! It causes approximately 500, 000 illnesses in one year, C, diff comes back at least once in 20 percent of the patients who had this infection previously, and it causes fatalities of 15,000 in a year (CDC, n.d.).

In the United States, Clostridim difficile has cost the healthcare system possible more than 1 billion dollars annually, and in developing countries it is the leading cause of illness that occurred in hospitals; with cases that have C. difficile link to it is estimated to cause over 3600 dollars in health care fees (Heinlen and Ballard, 2010). According to data that was reported by Center for Disease Control and Prevention, C. difficile start from a low of 31 cases out of 100,000 people per yer in 1996 to an increase in 2003 with 61cases out of 100,000 people per year (Heinlen and Ballard, 2010). In the United States alone, it have been estimated that 500,000 cases have occurred per year (Heinlen and Ballard, 2010). C. difficile infections (CDI) have also increased by 25% with an estimate of 15,000- 20,000 people die per year in

Plaintiff has received a kosher diet and his concerns are a dietary matter which does not state a constitutional violation.

After, Thrasymachus makes his claim that justice is nothing more than the advantage of the strong in Book One of the Republic (Republic I.336b-340). Socrates refutes his claim by coming back at him with three counter arguments to Thrasymachus claim or idea of justice. First, Socrates brings up that the view Thrasymachus has on justice, because it promotes injustice as a virtue rather than a vice. He gets Thrasymachus to admit that this is a true statement. In this idea of justice life is seen as a competition to see who can get the most money or become the most powerful, thus if this is true, whoever is the most successful at this competition of life they then would have the greatest virtue, which Socrates does not seem as a true representation

Immigration has, and continues to be, one of the most contentious issues in the United States (U.S.). While some see immigrants as opportunistic thieves, others view them as enormous economy boosters. Immigrants—foreign-born individuals—often have to deal with the negative outcomes of anti-immigrant policies. These exclusionary laws not only increase racial prejudice but also make foreign-born individuals feel less valuable than their native-born counterparts. The laws to some extent also justify the unequal treatment of immigrants (Almeida et al., 2016). Immigrants also