C. Elegans Research Paper

Around the world, millions of scientists conduct their studies by testing their research on animals. Many people believe that experimenting on animals is crucial to the advancement of medical discoveries. Studies show however, that animal experimentation is brutal and unnecessary. There are alternatives though: “replacement, reduction, and refinement” (Howard 2).

Other animals that are typically used in experiments are rats and mice. Doctors find these species very accommodating when they study different genetic experiments. The mice reproduce very quickly; thus the doctors can view the experiment of genes over several

More than 90 percent in about 1000 scientists around the world, “felt that animal research is essential to scientific advancement” (Yoshida, 2011). One of the reasons that animals are used in labs is because it’s affordable, especially mice, since they are “mammals, […], [they] can be bred in a controlled manner, […], kept in a controlled environment”, and they don’t live long, plus fast reproduction (LifeVantage, 2017). Even though those are for science purposes and to help improve people’s lives and medicine’s quality, no living creature deserves to be locked up and live through pain, and then thrown away like garbage.

Animal testing has contributed to many life-saving cures, treatments, and major advances in understanding and treating conditions such as breast cancer, childhood leukemia, brain injuries, cystic fibrosis, malaria, multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, and many others, and was instrumental in the development of pacemakers, cardiac valve substitutes, and anesthetics. Using animals as research subjects is appropriate because they are similar to human beings in many ways.

Ever since the late 1960’s and the early 1970’s, animal research has been under extreme fire for what they do. This is mainly due to the many changing perspectives on the relationship between humans and the other aspects of the world that are surrounding them. There are many main reasons for this change, but the main reason is the different ideas that surrounded the use and exploration of animals in laboratories is what is being brought into question.

In this project, C. Elegans are hermaphrodite worms that will be used since they are easy to maintain in lab, as well as have short life cycles. The gene that the project attempted to knockdown in C. Elegans with RNAi treatment is the unc-22 gene. RNAi disrupts gene expression in the presence of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is complementary to target gene sequence. The unc-22 gene codes for a muscle protein called twitchin in wild-type worms. The Unc-22 is required for muscle regulation and maintenance in C.Elegans. To verify that the RNAi treatment worked, would check the unc-22 mRNA levels in the worms, in addition to phenotype observation.

One example was brought to my attention in Tuesday’s lecture. Dr. Mojgan Padash’s research and discoveries in human papillomavirus (HPV) has led to the development of a fruit fly model to further study HPV induced cancer. HPV is a collection of viruses that can result in warts or even cancer and certain types can be treated with vaccines. A fruit fly, also known as Drosophila melanogaster, may not seem like the ideal model of study, however they are quite similar. Biologist Sharmila Bhattacharya of NASA's Ames Research Center claims "About 61% of known human disease genes have a recognizable match in the genetic code of fruit flies, and 50% of fly protein sequences have mammalian analogues." Padash’s dedication to this study will allow them to figure out why HPV can cause cancer and hopefully find a

Neurodegenerative diseases continue to affect the lives of millions Americans each year, with incidence and prevalence rates ever increasing. These diseases cause degeneration or death of nerve cells in the brain. These diseases can cause a financial and emotional burden on not only patients themselves, but also family members and care givers as well. Molecular mechanisms that underlie these diseases have remained relatively unclear, despite much research. Understanding the mechanisms of these diseases are facilitated by utilizing model organisms to study pathways involved in neurodegenerative diseases. One such model organism is the Caenorhabditis elegans nematode. The C. elegans roundworm has displayed usefulness as a template to study neurodegenerative diseases in humans, including Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease.

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This was important to the scientific achievement in the article because they was identification and proof of how the mice could have evolved throughout the years. They also could observe the patterns and embryos of the mice just like how humans may be able to detect future implications and prevent it from happening when looking into the gene sequence of an embryo, which is also artificial insemination. This scientific article can provide better understanding and knowledge on how genetics and evolution can intertwine with each other and how it affects the diversity of living things with the different variation to people such as myself or someone else I may know. It relates in a way because it shows how variation occurs in many species and why species are the way they look.This research/ article will benefit non-scientist because it promotes evolution and how species operate today. Also it shows how it is a really nice illustration that evolution isn’t biased, which person may think it

Drosophila melanogastor were one of the first organisms chosen to be analyzed and study, since they are the work force of the genetics research. Back in the early 1900s, researchers such as T.H. Morgan, H.J. Muller, E. Weischaus, and C. Nisslein-Volhard were able to use the organisms to determine how genes are inherited, how radiation causes DNA damage, and there are genes that controls human development. In 2000, scientists found over a hundred genes that can be used to study human diseases because they found a way to sequence the drosophila genome. This organism has been used for scientific research for decades and is continued to be used because they help scientists and researchers understand how human processes and their disorders. With the experiment, crossing the flies is to demonstrate the inheritance pattern of a single and double trait.

Rats, Mice, Cats, Dogs, Frogs, and Chimpanzees—this is just a small, generic list of animals that have been used for medical research. Deciding which animals should be used for testing is a hard decision to make. Some people believe that testing on larger, domesticated animals shouldn’t be done, but they will readily throw rats and mice right on the lab table to be tortured for science. When people think of rats and mice, they usually picture small, mindless, disgusting creatures rummaging through garbage on the streets. In reality, these small animals are actually house-hold pets that can be taught tricks just like dogs—with a little practice. Most people are not aware that test small mammals are intelligent because of the stereotype they

Animals commonly used in medical research are rats and chimpanzees. Over time these species have proven to be plentiful and they have exhibited the ability to sustain the various testing

Animal testing is essential for developing lifesaving treatments. Due to experiments on animals we have treatments for diabetics, tuberculosis, breast cancer, malaria and brain injuries. Immunizations against mumps, polio, and hepatitis has saved a countless number of lives thanks to the discovery of new drugs. Roughly ninety-five percent of all lab animals are special-bred mice and rats. The balance of animals that are tested on is rabbits, guinea pigs, sheep, pigs, and fruit flies. Rodents are considered the number one choice for modern medical researchers because they have a short life span. They choose animals that have a life span of two to three years because that allows the scientists to observe what happens during the “fast forward” stage. Six out of the eight major discoveries were recognized with Nobel Prizes, some of which involve the bone-marrow transplant, cloning of genes, and the detection of proto-oncogenes in normal DNA. The essential need for animal research and observation is supported by health agencies and medical associations around the world.

RESEARCH PAPER: CATERPILLAR Abstract The topic of my research was the global management expertise and effectiveness of the company Caterpillar Inc., a global leader in the production and manufacturing of construction and mining equipment. I researched the company's website for core information and sought information outside the company for its global perspective. What I found