C2H32O13: The Chemical Formula For Sunscreen

There is a very easy way to find the empirical formula of a compound using the mass percentages found through elemental analysis. First, convert the mass percentages to a mass, assuming that the compound is 100g. Then convert each mass into moles using the molar masses. Then divide each of these moles by the element with the smallest amount of moles. That is the ratio of the empirical formula. Just make sure that the numbers are in whole numbers, if not, multiply by common denominators to get all of them to a whole number (3).

The purpose of this experiment was to test which type of sunscreen worked better, spray or lotion. The experiment was conducted by cutting a UV paper into squares and labeling each one with each of the six sunscreen. A small amount of each sunscreen was applied to a square and was taken outside for three minutes to be exposed to the sun. The UV squares were taken back inside to be soaked in water for one minute each. The squares were left to dry for twenty-four hours. Three trials were conducted for each sunscreen. After the twenty-four hours of drying time and for the results to fully come in, immediately it was noticed that the lotions made the UV paper much lighter than the sprays. For all three trials, sunscreen number two, made the UV paper the whitest, meaning it protected the UV paper from sun exposure more.

This sunscreen uses 9.0% transparent zinc oxide to give the best protection possible from UV rays. The formula includes a strong dose of antioxidants that help absorb free radicals, the main cause of aging skin. Hyaluronic acid helps retain moisture in the skin, smoothing and softening wrinkles.

Several findings are made based on the results: UV radiation can cause cell death by inducing genetic mutation, which agree with Diepegen et al. (2012)’s finding regarding UV radiation’s destructive effect at a cellular level. Photoprotective agents can effectively prevent and reduce UV radiation induced damage to cells. Similar findings were made by Quatrano and Dinulos (2013), who indicated that sunscreen contains active ingredient that absorbs UV radiation ranging between 290-400 nm. This experiment proves that photoprotective agents with higher SPF values are more effective in absorbing UV radiation. Indicated by Green et al. (2011), they suggested that regular application of high SPF sunscreen will prevent melanoma.

Whether swimming at the beach, picnicking at a park, or snowboarding in the mountains, our skin is continuously exposed to the sun’s ultraviolet rays as we go about our daily lives. The skin is beneficial as it protects our body from the outside elements including keeping out wind and water, dirt and dust, and all types of germs (Claybourne; 56). The topic of my experiment is to determine which SPF strength of sunscreen - SPF 30, SPF 50 or SPF 70 - is the most effective in blocking out the sun’s UV radiation. The purpose of this investigation is to observe, compare and determine whether the SPF label on sunscreen bottles are really effective in blocking out the amount of the sun’s UV rays, or if it is just a marketing gimmick to sell more products. This investigation benefits society because knowing which strength of SPF is the most effective in protecting against UV rays is useful to know when shopping for sunscreen, especially for those who spend a lot of time outdoors.

The molecular formula is the actual amount of atoms of in each molecule but is not used in this lab. Empirical formulas can be found by converting the grams of each substance within a compound to moles using their molar mass then dividing each value by the smallest value calculated. That results in the molar ratios which are multiplied so that they are all whole numbers. Those numbers can be plugged into the formula as subscripts to obtain the empirical formula which is the simplest form of the formula. The empirical formula of copper chloride hydrate will be found by completing experiment and using the masses of the reactants and products. The mass of chlorine is not measured during the experiment but can be found through the masses of water and copper that are measured in the experiment. By adding the masses of water and copper together the mass of chlorine can be determined and used in finding the mole ratios which can then lead to the formation of the empirical formula. The empirical formula of the hydrous compound will be found and is different than the anhydrous formula. The anhydrous version won’t contain water.

• Use a sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 when out in the sun.

“Indoor tanning under the age of 18 increases your risk of skin cancer by 75%”(Division of Cancer Prevention Ceanter). Over 10,000 people are expected to die this year from UV related causes. However, many people will disregard these facts and continue on with their harmful habits. There are many effects of artificial tanning and prolonged exposure to the sun. Many people have no idea about the risks of prolonged exposure to the sun, how dangerous artificial tanning actually is, or how radiation is not the only harmful trait of indoor tanning.

Carlowicz, Michael. New Simulation Shows Consequences of a World Without Earth’s         Natural Sunscreen. Ed. Robert Garner. NASA. 25 Mar. 2009. 8 Jan. 2017.

There are many policies that affect us as educators in our everyday practices in Early Childhood Settings. The policy that I will be discussing in part one is the Sunscreen Policy. The importance of applying sunscreen connects closely to Education and Care Services National Law Act (Education and Care Services National Law Act 2010, p.112) This section 167 mentions how we can protect children from harm and hazards. This can be achieved in one way by understanding and have knowledge of why applying and be following SunSmart procedures is important. In my opinion, I believe the application of sunscreen is a very simple policy to follow. Children's health and safety should always be our priority as educators and being able to provide early education with why sunscreen is important to wear creates great learning opportunities for children.

Every hour at least one American will die of skin cancer caused by exposure to the sun. These statistics are alarming and most people are unaware that the sunshine that we all love so much is in fact a threat to our health and good looks. It is up to us to educate ourselves and our children on the harmful effects of sun exposure on the human body like premature aging, physical damage to the body, and cancerous diseases.

Thesis: Many people do not use sun protection on a daily bases and are unaware of the health effects of sun exposure that can be easily preventive by using sun protection.

Cosmetics are substances that are applied onto the body and/or face to enhance a person’s looks or scent. Cosmetics can be make-up which is mostly used by women and it is to enhance a female’s appearance. It is normally applied to face, hair, and body. Cosmetics has been used throughout society since Ancient times. In Ancient Egypt, cosmetic chemistry was being used before anyone knew it related to chemistry. Cosmetics was being used for many reasons in Ancient times. It is said that Cleopatra bathed in donkey milk to keep skin smooth, this is an example to show that chemistry is being used for the benefit of skin care. Skin care is another example of cosmetic chemistry being used. Skin care has been an important factor in society. Skin care has been around since 3000 BC in Ancient Egypt. This was prepared by natural materials.

The empirical formula is also often referred to as the simplest formula. If the ratio is 2, then you multiply the subscripts of the empirical formula by 2 so that you can get the correct molecular formula. A chemical formula that shows the makeup of a molecule of a substance in symbols of the elements that are in the molecule is called the molecular formula. Separate molecules can be shown in this formula. It shows the names of all the elements that are present in one molecule of a substance. It as well gives the number of atoms of each element

Carboxylic acids are among us - they are used in manufacturing common items we have at home, like soap, vinegar and aspirin. There are so many commercial products that we use that are manufactured using carboxylic acids. So, what exactly are carboxylic acids? __Carboxylic acids__ are a classification of organic compounds. They are organic because they contain carbon (C) in their chemical structure.