CER Image Case Study

St. Louis falls into the mellow midlatitude atmosphere gathering, and this is a district loaded with air mass complexities (Hess, 2011). These differentiations cause a mixture of unsettling influences in the air leaving St. Louis with an assortment of climate (Hess, 2011). The summers have a tendency to have more precipitation with the coastal stream and incessant convection (Hess, 2011). However winter can encounter rain and periodic snow due to midlatitude typhoons (Hess, 2011).

Air quality is also affected by other mechanisms such as airborne toxins that arise from freshwater such as cyanobacteria (Health Implications of Drought…n.d.). Wildfire adds more soot, smoke, and particles to the air (Health Implications of Drought…n.d.). Agricultural dust also pollutes the air through soil erosion from improper farming and exposed bare land in between crops (Drought Measures for Dust Mitigation….n.d.). Increased temperature is not only producing more aeroallergens by earlier flower productions such as pollen and mold spores but also is potential for increasing the allergenicity (A Human Health Perspective .... (n.d.).A research found evidence that particulate matter in the polluted air also affects the environment as it can reduce precipitation in dry regions or seasons and also increase the heat in the atmosphere (Air Pollution a Culprit in Worsening ... (n.d.). A vicious cycle has started where we are creating more pollutants through various activities in everyday life; the environment is becoming warmer, less precipitation, air is getting more condensed. These particulates and toxins threaten health status of the population living there, irritating air passage, worsening chronic and acute respiratory infections (Health Implications of

* Development began in late 2002 and was to be completed in 12 months’ time.

Climate change data was collected from the IPPC AR4 General Circulation Model (GCM). The GCM is regionally dependent and shows the different mixes of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. (Sheffield & Wood, 2007, p.81) The simple mutlicalar drought index (SPEI) is used to show the climatic water balance. Monthly or weekly difference physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) and precipitation and is calculated at different times. (Vicente-Serrano, Beguería, & López-Moreno, 2009, p. 1699) Streamflow data was obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey Hydrological Climate Date Network (HCDN). (Regonda, Rajagopalan, Clark, & Pitlick, 2004, p.374) Snowfall data is gathered from surveys that were performed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and precipitation data was gathered from the National Weather Service Cooperative Network. (Regonda, Rajagopalan, Clark, & Pitlick, 2004, p.375)

It is important to understand the various cycles our atmosphere goes through due to how they affect our daily lives. The ENSO Cycle has a large impact globally and locally in California as we have seen with the long-term drought Southern California is currently in. The ENSO cycle can be defined by sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the Pacific Equatorial Area known as Nino 3.4 region (5oN-5oS, 120o-170oW). Unusually cooler waters (-.5 degrees centigrade) occurring for three consecutive months outlines a La Niña. La Niña’s bring wetter weather to Australia and Indonesia but often leaves the Eastern Pacific dry. Unlike La Niña’s, unusually warm water (+.5 degrees centigrade above average) occurring for 3 consecutive month’s outlines an

As a major source of water for many of the surrounding states due to the winter snow melt, Colorado has been fighting with many contributors of water pollution. Both instate and global use of various pollutants have contributed to the contamination or reduction of snowpack. Anthropogenic aerosol pollution is shown to possibly be in the Colorado River Basin (CRB) along with dust particulates that are impacting the snowpack albedo. Aerosol particles have been shown to increase concentrations of raindrops and decrease the coalescence and collision the rims of ice particles. When these particles of dust become coated with sulfate, warm water collision is enhanced. The aerosol pollution containing nonorganic compounds causes a reduction of

Kairos describes about current events that the article published that’s affecting the people right now. “During the evolution of a rain event, the collision– coalescence and the collisional breakup dominate the resultant of the flooding that’s caused California to go into state emergency” (D’Adderio, Porcu, and Tokay). What the authors said stated was that the rain patterns changed and California was one of the affected places that witness huge amounts of rainfalls than previous decades, which it’s an event that occurring this year. The authors states, “If there is a dry layer underneath the precipitation, evaporation also plays a significant role, especially at the small-drop end, in which affects current climate changes in parts of the Earth”

could have improved in this extended abstract. On several occasions, they used abbreviations without definitions. Some of these included “AMS”, “AUG”, “NCDC” and “NWS”. Though these abbreviations would have been common knowledge in the meteorology community, they should have still been defined with their first use. Another off-putting tendency was that the authors referred to Changnon by his first name, which was especially strange since they later referred to him by his last name. Furthermore, there were what appeared to be a few typographical errors in the abstract. For example, in Figures 4, 6, and 7, the nautical mile unit is abbreviated as “nim” instead of “nmi”. Additionally, the tense was not constant in the first paragraph. These changes would have been relative easy for the authors to

this study. The CER cutoff for differentiating Clear from Non Clear RCC sub- types was >0.4751 with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% in the cortical phase and >0.8012 with a sensitivity of 95.8% and specificity of 100% in the nephrographic phase. Yamamoto et al. [14] reported a cutoff value of 0.4 with a sensitivity of 92.1% and specificity of 85.7% in the cortical phase and 0.8 with a sensitivity of 96.8% and specificity of 57.1% in the nephrographic phase.

Year after year, increased carbon dioxide output is contributing to an increase in Earth’s climate. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas causing climate change, but many people forget that there are other ones which can amplify the effect of carbon dioxide many times over. In fact, water vapor itself is the most abundant greenhouse gas, and it can increase the amount of warming from carbon dioxide twice over. I want to know how data collected from NASA satellites about the El Niño weather phenomenon and its effect on water vapor in the environment can help to understand long-term trends in Earth’s climate.

(2015) will be adapted to derive this transport from temperature and humid- ity retrievals from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on board the Aura satellite, for hurricane days and non hurricane days. MLS data have 1-3 km vertical resolution and ∼200 km horizontal resolution in the UTLS. Cross correlations between time series of the temperature/water content anomalies will be calculated for two consecutive latitudes at a given pressure level. The

The CGCM4 under both IPCC RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 in the study area projected a warmer climate in which both precipitation and temperature generally increased (Figure. 2). At the end of the 21st century, the “wet” CGCM4, under IPCC RCP8.5 projected a mean annual temperature increase of 3.7 °C and a mean annual precipitation increase of 18% (RCP8.5-Wet), whereas the “dry” CGCM4 predicted an increase of 4.4°C and a 9% increase in precipitation (RCP8.5-Dry). Compared with IPCC RCP8.5, the CGCM4 projected relatively lower increases in temperature and precipitation under IPCC RCP2.6 (+1.0°C and +10% precipitations in RCP2.6-Wet and +1.6°C and +5% precipitations in RCP2.6-Dry). Therefore, cyclical drought events may last longer and severer in the future in the

In this study, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived NDVI and LST images and Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) derived SPI images products were used to model and evaluate drought monitoring. Brief descriptions of these datasets are given in Table 1. The products of these satellite data were selected due to free accessibility and near-real time availability with fifteen years plus time series, apart from relatively high spatial and temporal resolutions. The temporally smoothed dekadal (10-day synthesis) NDVI products were downloaded from the USGS FEWS NET eMODIS, the official data website which is https://earlywarning.usgs.gov/fews/product/116. The monthly L3

The surface temperature (T0) product was not used because with a lower spatial resolution (1000 km), there were cloud contaminations in some parts of the Minas Gerais state along the years. Instead, T0 was retrieved by residue in the radiation balance after having estimated the atmospheric and surface emissivities (Teixeira et al., 2016a,b).

Overview: This study investigated the utilization of satellite information to screen carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) in Northern Thailand throughout the dry season when woodland flames are known to be a vital reason for air contamination. Satellite information, incorporating Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) CO, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer vaporized optical profundity (MODIS AOD), and MODIS fire hotspots, were examined with air contamination information measured at nine programmed air quality overseeing stations in the study range for February–April months of 2008–2010. The association examination indicated that every day CO and PM with size beneath 10 μm (Pm10) were connected with the woodland fire hotspot include, particularly the country regions with the most extreme relationship coefficient (R) of 0.59 for CO and 0.65 for Pm10. The correspondences between MODIS AOD and Pm10, between MOPITT CO and CO, and between MODIS AOD and MOPITT CO were additionally dissected, affirming the companionship between these variables. Two backwoods fire scenes were chosen, and the scattering of contamination tufts was mulled over utilizing the MOPITT CO downright segment and MODIS AOD information, together with the surface wind vectors. The outcomes demonstrated consistency between the crest scatterings, areas of thick hotspots, ground checking information, and common winds. The satellite information were indicated to be