CNS Model Of Brain Cancer

Net ( 2010), “For many years the subventricular zone has been suspected to be the origin of specific malignant brain tumors called gliomas, the most deadly type of which is glioblastoma.”  (To Function, Brain Stem Cells May Rely on a Specific Molecule, para. 2). Researchers have shown that brain stem cells in the subvetricular zone have been characterized a certain molecule called Protein Tlx. It is a transcription factor that stimulates the activity of various genes as stated by Stem Cell Digest.Net.

The brain is made up of millions upon millions of cells. These cells are formed from before birth, up until about 7 years old. Once these brain cells stop dividing, they are never meant to divide again. You can see that the division of brain cells is under strict regulation and control. When this control is lost in a single cell, then it starts dividing in an uncontrolled manner. All of the data obtained through research on cancer shows that this disease is caused by a rapidly dividing cell, with no regulators to stop it from dividing. As the cell makes more and more copies of itself, it grows to form a tumor. This is known as cancer.

Glioblastoma (pronounced like gleO blastoma) is an incurable brain cancer,Survival rate is usually measured in months.This became a word that was instantly defined, researched, dissected, feared, and tried to comprehend and understand by family,friends and acquaintances of Larry McKee (McKee)who was personally affected from this single word, it was quickly added to their vocabulary, because of the of the events that transpired on October 22, 2011 that forever changed lives “Glioblastomas are tumors that arise from the astrocytes- the star-shaped cells that make up the “glue-like,” or supportive tissue of the brain. These tumors are usually highly malignant (cancerous) because the cells reproduce quickly and they are supported by a large network of blood vessels.”(A.B.T A..) He was diagnosed with stage four.

The primary ones include these types. Gliomas, the most common brain tumor involving the brain tissue. There are different grades and even types of gliomas. But if the tumor grade is higher, it will probably grow faster. Medullblastomas are brain tumors that in young children. Without treatment it will spread rapidly into the spinal fluid and other parts of the brain. But almost or half of the brain tumors found are benign. These types of brain tumors are usually Meningiomas and Neuromas. Meningiomas begin in the tissue membranes. Neuromas are in the nerves mostly in people over

Tumors can be classified into three types: 1) benign 2) pre malignant 3) malignant tumor. Benign tumors are those which are incapable of abrupt expanding and affecting the other healthy brain tissues. Premalignant tumor is a pre cancerous stage, if not treated properly it may lead to cancers. It is often considered as a disease. Malignant tumor grows rapidly with time an ultimately leads to death of patient. Malignant is a medical term describing a sever growth of a disease. The most common primary brain Tumors are gliomas, wherein 70% are in the group of malignant gliomas, glioblastoma multiform (GBM).The GBM is one of the highest malignant human

Glioma is a tumor that is a type of brain cancer. Glioma tumors are made up by cells called glial cells. Glial cells normally provide nutrition, oxygen, and structural support to the brain. Three types of glial cells can produce tumors. Gliomas are named after the type of glial cell that is involved in the tumor. A tumor is formed when the glial cells grow into an abnormal mass of tissue. Gliomas are one of the most common types of brain tumors that occur in adults.

CNS tumors represent the second most frequent tumor of childhood and the most common pediatric solid tumor; approximately 2,200 patients under the age of 20 are diagnosed each year with invasive CNS tumors, and CNS tumors are the number one cause of death from childhood cancer. [1] Therapeutic strategies generally involve surgery as a primary intervention, but complete resection is often not possible due to tumor location. In such cases, adjunct therapies, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, may be required based on the tumor histology and presence of residual tumor. [2]

Primary brain tumors are classified by the type of cell or tissue the tumor affects, and the location and grade of the tumor. Tumor cells may travel short distances within the brain, but generally won't travel outside of the brain itself.

Current investigations indicate that Central neurocytoma could be of astrocytic origin or mixed lineages. Immunohistochemical tests shows multiple positive markers of neural cell that includes synaptophysin, neuron specific enolase, neuronal specific nuclear protein , and neuron specific class III beta tubulin. In addition to dense core vesicles and parallel microtubules are present in pathology. The tumor also shows positive neurofilament (NF) staining but some of the Central Neurocytoma fails to show consistent pathology. Unfortunately, the Immunohistochemical studies are not specific to draw a concrete conclusion to the origin of neurocytoma. Von Deimling et al. investigation indicated that Central neurocytoma shows glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Syn, which is related to reactive astrocytes. Other studies were unable to attain the same results. In vitro, the tumor cells tend to become glial cells regardless of the medium of the culture. In vivo, the origin of the cells is not clear. Some researches hypothesize that CN arise from neural stem cells surrounding the ventricle zones. This hypothesize was based on high levels of choline, cholinergic receptors, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and normal or low levels of glutamate and catecholamines. Kim et al also showed the presence of Musashi-1, and the neuroep- ithelial enhancer gene nestin. These results point towards possible genetic properties to

The concept of neurogenesis being confined to the embryonic stage became less obvious with the onset of discovery of neural stem cells maintained in two distinct regions of the mammalian adult brain namely dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and the sub ventricular zone (SVZ) of the forebrain lateral ventricles14,18,19. What makes these neural stem cells a more credible target for oncogenic transformation? The continual presence of undifferentiated, mitotically active, self renewable stem cells at the apex of the hierarchy bundled in discrete germinal niches in the mammalian brain throughout the lifespan of an organism allows them to accumulate mutations, thus rendering them vulnerable for neoplastic reprogramming. There has been increasing evidence that the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that initiate and maintain the NSC developmental state are possibly deregulated in GB to emerge as Glioma initiating cells or Brain tumor stem cells20. The discovery of BTSC has high clinical significance in the neuro-oncology field, as evidenced by major diverse roles it plays in various aspects of tumor growth such as tumor initiation, maintenance, progression, angiogenesis and tumor recurrence owing to therapeutic resistance, some of which are described

The American Cancer Society states that a common side effect of Chemotherapy is “Chemo Brain”. It is defined as the mental cloudiness that is caused by unknown factors in the treatment. Examples of it include trouble concentrating, short attention span, remembering details,  slow thinking and processing, and trouble remembering common words. Chemotherapy patients can have Chemo brain from the time treatment begins and can continue for years after which can prevent the patient from doing mental strenuous activities like going to school or work.

Examples of this would be meninges which are the brain-covering membranes. Cranial nerves, pituitary gland, and pineal gland are all other examples. Cranial nerves are nerves that directly go to your brain. Pituitary glands are glands that control your hormone glands. Pineal glands are in the vertebrate of your brain. There are primary and secondary brain tumors. Primary begins when normal cells get mutations in their DNA. Mutations let cells grow and go separate ways as the rates are increasing. A mass of abnormal cells is the result of this and forms a tumor. You might not have heard of primary brain tumors as much as secondary brain tumors. Secondary brain tumors begin to spread elsewhere in the brain (Mayo Clinic Staff 2,

Common malignant brain cancers increase significantly according to statistical data collected by the National Cancer Institute. In 1984, the annual incidence rates of primary brain tumor and primary brain lymphoma also increased notably, the rate of lymphoma almost tripling,

Tumors are one of the most feared diseases of our time. Many people upon hearing the word “tumor” immediately resonate to the conclusion of it being cancer, which is not necessarily true. Tumors fall into to two main types, benign and malignant. Although they are considerably different in tissue invasion, their nature that makes them distinct and symptoms, they are also quite similar in the way they recur in the same location, growth size and their health risks.

The theory of cancer stem cells was not a new concept in recent decades, but put forward as early as 150 years ago [1]. CSCs are a small subset of tumor cells with the biological characteristics that