Ca 19-9 Pancreatic Cancer Paper

According to Professor John Neoptolemos, "There are approximately 7,000 new cases each year - but it is one of the most lethal cancers." The main reason for the low survival rate from pancreatic cancer is due to its difficulty in finding this cancer early. By the time a person has symptoms, the cancer has often reached a large size and spread to other organs. Because the pancreas is deep inside the body, the doctor cannot see or feel tumors during a routine physical exam. There are currently no blood tests or other tests that can easily find this cancer early in people without symptoms. Tests for certain genes in people with a family history of the disease can help tell if they are at higher risk for cancer. There are some new tests for finding pancreatic cancer early in people with a strong family history of the disease, but these tests are complicated and expensive. Some symptoms of pancreatic cancer include jaundice, a yellow color of the eyes and skin caused by a substance buildup in the liver, pain in the belly area or in the middle of the back, significant weight loss over a number of months, loss of appetite, digestive problems including nausea, vomiting, pain that tends to be worse after eating, a swollen gallbladder that is enlarged, blood clots that form in the veins or cause problems with fatty tissue under the skin, and diabetes. If the doctor has any reason to suspect pancreatic cancer, certain tests will be done to see if the disease is really

6. What is a CEA? How does it relate to the diagnosis of colon cancer?

When spreading through the body there are certain stages the cancer has to go through to expand. Stage 0. There is no spread.The cancer is limited to only one cell in the pancreas. Stage I: The cancer is only limited to the pancreas cell, but has moved at least two centimeters. Not yet visible in screening tests. Stage II: The cancer has grown outside the pancreas and may have spread to the lymph nodes. Stage III: The tumor has spread drastically making it now possible for the tests to detect the tumor,increasing the possibility for it expand into the blood vessels or nerves. Stage IV: The cancer has spread to different organs of the body.("Pancreatic Cancer Treatments by Stage") The first place to attack after spreading would be the stomach, then it would expand to the liver. After the cancer reaches these points, it travels to other places in the body. ("Treating Pancreatic Cancer, Based on Extent of the Cancer").

Table 1: Causes of Pancreatic Cancer What are the symptoms of pancreatic cancer? The symptoms are wide ranged but usually do not appear till in the late stages of the cancer. That is one of the reasons that this is such a deadly killer. Some of the more common symptoms are shared by other diseases and is another factor that causes this disease so hard to diagnose. Pain in the upper back or upper abdomen, loss of appetite, weight loss, jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin, dark urine), indigestion, nausea and vomiting. This is a list of the more common symptoms but as with each individual the symptoms can be different in each. As with any unknown disease, a physician is the best place to start to protect peopleshealth and get a correct diagnosis. How is pancreatic cancer diagnosed? The physician will order a variety of possible diagnostic tests. A blood test can assess various pancreatic and liver functions and may suggest pancreatic cancer. If cancer is suspected a needle biopsy is usually conducted to examine the pancreas cells themselves for signs of cancer (Britannica Online 2007). These procedures are invasive and can cause complications including pancreatitis. In order to make a correct diagnosis and to determine the stage of the cancer it is possible to use multiple imaging techniques to allow doctors to see the pancreas even though it

Many diseases had been appearing from a long time. Sometimes, our body fails to make any response against that disease. Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that appears in the pancreas, it is generally detected after a period of time and until it becomes hard to treat or remove.

Pancreatic cancer is basically cancer of the pancreas. It’s considered to be the fourth most deadliest forms of cancer due to its ability to spread silently before diagnosis. The types of pancreatic cancer are determined by which part of the pancreas in infected with cancerous cells. The exocrine is the part of the pancreas that makes digestive substances. The endocrine is the part that makes insulin and other hormones. The exact cause of this type of cancer is still unknown. Some risk factors that can cause cancerous tumors to grow are cigarette smoking, obesity, certain chemicals used at metal workshops or dry cleaners, along with many others, however, inherit gene changes ranks number one.

Pancreatic Cancer is a form of cancer in which malignant cancer cells invade the pancreas, a gland that produces digestive fluid and hormones that regulate blood sugar. There are two types of pancreatic cancer: exocrine and endocrine cancer. The malignant cells can infiltrate either the exocrine pancreatic cells, responsible for digestive fluid, or the endocrine pancreatic cells, responsible for regulatory hormones. If the pancreas’ exocrine cells are affected metabolic functions are slowed or stopped completely. Thus, this results in death. If the endocrine cells of the pancreas are affected hormones such as Insulin are unable to be produced and the bodies organs will shut down. Pancreatic Cancer usually begins in the exocrine cells and moves into the endocrine cells (Movva). Pancreatic cancer occurs when cells are mutated from genetic dispositions or detrimental behavioral habits. These mutated cells metastasize to form a tumor. Pancreatic cancer can afflict anyone, However, it is more common in those of African American descent, those with excessive body weights, and those who partake in risky behavioral habits. Pancreatic cancer is an incredibly lethal disease.

The first discovery of pancreatic cancer was thought to be during the 18th century, but the first cases were reported in the 1800s. As more cancers were discovered throughout the body, more research was done on it. It has been a problem for hundreds of years, but there was and still isn’t a real cure. Within the last 10 years more light has been shed upon the subject and more research is being done. Pancreatic cancer, like all other cancers has no “cure”, but there are ways to treat it. This type of cancer is one of the most deadly kinds, especially if it is not caught early on. According to Pancreatic Cancer Action, the risks of people ages 45-84 is about 84.6% and when people get diagnosed they are usually under the age of 65 (“Causes

CT-scanning is one approach to making diagnoses in the process of treating cancer. The goal of this this paper is to determine whether genetic markers are capable of making prognoses, treatments plans, etc., therefore is crucial to demonstrate and discus the current approaches, and to see if any of the steps taken in the current approaches should be assimilated into the new approach of using genetic markers.

One of the most common malignancies is colon cancer as it accounts for approximately 1.5 million new cases globally each year (Ferlay et al. 2015). According to the latest research, the frequency of colon cancer has increased suddenly over the past two decades (Shin et al. 2012). According to statistics, colon cancer accounts for about 15% of bodily cancers and is the main reason for mortality in different countries especially the western countries (Johnston 2005). The third most common cancer in the Canada and US is colon cancer. In the United States about 1.5 million new cases of colon cancer were reported each year (Jemal et al. 2008). The chances and a number of years of survival in colon cancer depend on the stage of the tumor.

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the lethal malignant diseases and is the third most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. It is the third most common cancer in men (10% of all cancers in men worldwide) and second most in women (9.2% of all cancers in women worldwide)(1). It is a slow developing cancer that begins as a tumor or a tissue growth on the inner lining of the large bowel. The most common type of CRC is adenocarcinoma (more than 95%)(2). Even with advancements in the diagnostic technologies the detection is usually late however accurate pre-operative staging has a definite impact in the treatment plan and is important in selecting patients for pre-operative chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both.

Traditionally, biomarkers in pathology are discovered through a combination of experience, knowledge, and intuition. There are a number of limitations to this traditional method of prognostic biomarker identification. For example, the number of histologic hypotheses that can be evaluated by human scoring at one time is low (e.g. one or a few hypotheses). Further, not all aspects of the histologic image may be fully evaluated by the pathologist. For example, it may be

Colon cancer is cancer in your large intestines. Colon cancer usually starts with polyps, which are small benign groups of cells. Over time the polyps may become malignant. Some symptoms of colon cancer are bloody stools, changes in bowel habits, and a feeling that your bowel does not feel completely empty. There are no clear causes of colon cancer, but we do know that it happens when healthy cells in the colon develop errors in their DNA. A cell becomes cancerous when the DNA is damaged. Some people may inherit genes that can create a larger risk of colon cancer. It has also been shown that people with diets of high in fiber and low in fat have a significantly greater risk of getting colon cancer. If the cancer is found in early-stage, then

Pancreatic cancer is the most lethal of all of the major cancers. The lethality rate within five years of being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer is 93%. That means that only 7% of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer live five more years. One of the biggest contributing factors to the high mortality rate of pancreatic cancer is the difficulty to diagnose the disease at an early stage of its development. This leads to a central question in the pancreatic cancer field of how to diagnose the disease earlier. On top of being difficult to diagnose, the pancreatic cancer treatments of surgical removal, chemotherapy or combinatorial chemotherapy and radiation have

• Combination ultrasound, multidetector CT (MD-CT), and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) offer the highest sensitivity for detecting pancreatic cancer; tissue biopsy is important for staging.