Calcific Aortic Valve Essay

Heart valves ensure one way blood flow through heart. The atrioventricular (AV) valves lie between the atria and the ventricles prevents the back flow of blood in to the atria while the ventricles contract. Chordae tendinae anchor AV values to papillary muscles. The left AV valve, the mitral or bicuspid valve consists of two cusps of endocardium. The right atrioventricular valve, the tricuspid valve, has three cusps. The second sets of valve are the semilunar valves. The pulmonary semilunar valves lie between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. Aortic semilunar valves lie between ventricle and the aorta. Semilunar valves prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricle.

The flow of blood through the heart is controlled by four valves. If any are not working correctly, blood cannot flow or be pumped effectively to the heart. The four valves are: the tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, mitral, and aortic semilunar. There are many abnormalities or defects that can affect their operation and in this paper, I will discuss the most common one which is a “mitral valve prolapse.” A valvular prolapse is an abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that causes the valve to not close completely. It is also known as “click murmur syndrome” and “Barlow’s syndrome” and is more prevalent in women than men. It has a strong hereditary

It was established that the patient’s symptoms were due to an aortic regurgitation this was confirmed by echocardiogram. The use of the SOAPIER model is an effective means of providing rationale for a holistic clinical decision making. The findings and treatment options were discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting including Mr Jones and family. The family were informed that surgery was the safest treatment option. Complications that could happen with or without surgery were also explained ensuring that the patient had adequate understanding to make a valid choice about his treatment. Mr Jones agreed that a replacement of the aortic valve with a mechanical valve was necessary, thus it last for more than twenty years or more . Mr Jones

Major disadvantages of mechanical heart valves include their thromboembolic tendencies (thrombus formation), risks of blood cell damage (haemolysis), stenosis (tissue on the valve - pannus) and the life reliance of anticoagulants with the risk of haemorrhage.

A doctor may also suggest treatment later in a person’s life, if the disease worsens. If a cardiologist suggests medical treatment, two options include: Mitral Valve Repair or Mitral Valve Replacement. “If the patient chooses to have Mitral Valve Replacement, he or she should find a surgeon who satisfies three criteria; the surgeon should have a 90 percent or greater rate of successful repair, should have an extremely low rate of death from surgery (less than 1 percent) and should be proficient in operating with less invasive approaches, if your surgeon cannot provide these sorts of numbers, you need to move to another” (Gillinov 326). By reconnecting valve leaflets a surgeon can perform Mitral Valve Repair (mayoclinic.org). A surgeon can also remove excess tissue from the valve for a repair (mayoclinic.org). “The traditional approach to most aortic valve problems is to open the chest, remove the old valve, and sew in a new one” (Gillinov

This past Friday in the cardiac catheterization lab I began my day with continuing the work that I was previously assigned to do last week where I collected the data of patient's Cardiothoracic surgery. I continued to familiarize myself with the different types of Cardiothoracic surgery procedures, however, the specific reports I was working with, they are called TAVR report (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement). I later learned and was explained to, the TAVR multiple procedures and its causes, which is aortic stenosis. As for the procedures, a valve needs to be placed in the heart and each procedure delivers it a different way. The three ways the valve can be placed in the heart is through the heart's femoral artery (the transfemoral approach),

The regional mechanical, histological, and physiological properties of aneurysmal and control human ascending aortas were examined to characterize the behavior of the aortic materials and to explore the inter-correlations of these properties. Mechanical and histological experiments were performed on the samples excised from four different quadrants of the aortic rings and the results were analyzed using numerical and statistical methods. To study the effects of genetics, the aneurysmal samples were categorized based on their valve types into two tissue groups: those with Bicuspid Aortic Valves (BAV) and those with Tricuspid Aortic Valves (TAV).

There were no early or late postoperative deaths and we achieved 100% follow-up for included patients. No patient had aortic valve replacement after one year. Preoperatively the mean ejection fraction in group S was 62.33±4.39% while in group R was 59.53±6.10%, the width of the regurgitant jet in group S was 34.67±2.72 % and in the group, R was 35.73±1.87 % ( p-value non-significant). Postoperatively after 1 year follow up the width of the regurgitant jet in group S increased significantly to 37.27±4.67% ( p > 0.5) while in group S almost remained unchanged 34.73±4.13% ( p <

Aortic stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease of the developed world. About 7% of the population over age 65 suffer from degenerative aortic stenosis. The prognosis of patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis is known to be dismal without valve replacement. Even though American College of Cardiology recommends aortic valve replacement as a class I recommendation to treat symptomatic severe aortic stenosis, approximately a third of these patients over the age of 75 are still not referred for surgery. Typically, this is due to concern about prohibitive surgical risk due to patient frailty, co-morbidities, age, and severe left ventricular dysfunction. The advent of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in Europe raised the hope for an alternative, less invasive treatment for aortic stenosis in the United States. We present a review of the existing and emerging literature pertaining to TAVR, including the PARTNER (Placement of AoRTic TraNscathetER Valve Trial Edwards SAPIEN Transcatheter Heart Valve) and CoreValve trials. Although surgical valve replacement (SAVR) remains the modality of choice for patients with severe aortic stenosis and low to intermediate operative risk for now, TAVR has certainly become the preferred approach for high risk patients, and it may gain traction for low and intermediate

Valvular stenosis is the hardening of the valves in the heart: mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary, and/or aortic. Stenotic valves are either too thick, stiff, or are fused together causing it to not open or close all the way like it normally should. This causes a decrease in blood flow to the next chamber of the heart. If one or more valves become diseased, pooling of blood in a chamber will occur, or the blood will leak

Due to heart valve replacement surgery being a risk of death, patient life expectancy is a major criterion to be considered. Life expectancy, ability to take anticoagulants, compliance and available facilities for monitoring INR, lifestyle, risk of bleeding, patient preference, and risk of reoperation should all be considered in choosing a valve substitute, although in clinical practice patient age is most often the determining factor. Studies have shown that age between 60-65 years is when the benefits of mechanical valves shift to favor the use of bioprostheses (Silberman, 2008).

Valvular heart disease is when a valve is damaged or has a defect in one of the four valves in the heart. There are four types of valves you have the mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary. All of theses valves have significant jobs of moving blood through the heart to get to the rest of the body. Now the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve are used to control the blood between the atria and the ventricles which is the upper and lower chambers of the heart. Also the valves that are frequently affected by valvular disease are the mitral and aortic valves. The valve that controls the flow of blood through the heart is the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve governs the flow of blood between the aorta and the heart. To ensure that the blood

Aortic stenosis is a progressive valvular lesion that causes impairment of cardiac responses to surgical and anesthesia stresses. With aortic stenosis, blood ejecting into aorta is obstructed and pressure overload in left ventricle is increased. The heart compensates by left ventricular concentric hypertrophy, which would decrease the compliance of left ventricle. The heart becomes relying on left atrial contraction for optimal filling. Arial fibrillation is particularly problematic for patients with aortic stenosis, may produce dramatic decrease in stroke volume. Thickened myocardium due to concentric hypertrophy increase myocardial oxygen consumption was well as impairs myocardial perfusion.

Tashiro et al (2013) at Mayo clinic reported on 236 severe aortic stenosis patients and 256 controls that underwent non cardiac surgery between 2000

Aortic stenosis (AS) is one of the most common valvular heart diseases in developing countries, with a prevalence of 3.4%.1 Without surgical intervention, historical mortality rates approach 50% at 2 years after symptoms appear.2 Since its first use in humans by Cribier 15 years ago, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has rapidly become the standard of care for patients with severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis. 3 The PARTNER trial was a revolutionary study starting in 2007 which sought to compare TAVR to the medical management, then the standard of care. 4-6 Leon & Smith spearheaded the group who randomized 1,057 patients with severe aortic stenosis into two groups. 699 patients who were high risk for open surgery (>15%