Calcium Metabolism and Calcium Homeostasis Essays

According to National Institutes of Health, 99% of calcium is stored in our teeth and bones. Some of our organs require calcium for certain process, such as muscle contraction; therefore, the remaining one percent remains in our blood. The blood and bones regulates calcium levels by the means of hormones. Two of the main systematic modifiers are Calcitonin and the Parathyroid hormone.

Having high and low levels of calcium in the body affects the body differently. Hypercalcemia is the medical term for high blood calcium. Having too much calcium in the body can lead to an increased risk of kidney stones, constipation, nausea, and high blood pressure. People with hypercalcemia may also have stomach, muscle and joint pain. Very severe hypercalcemia can cause symptoms of brain dysfunction such as confusion, emotional disturbances, delirium, hallucinations, and coma. Irregularly low calcium levels in the blood are known as hypocalcaemia. Your bones and teeth will begin to deteriorate because your body takes the calcium that is stored in your bones to carry out the functions that are dependent on calcium. Hypocalcaemia can cause fragile bones, brittle nails and can cause frequent muscle cramps. It can also cause joint pain, and put you at risk for bone disease as you age. Low calcium levels can put you at higher risks for high blood pressure or hypertension as well as poor

As recommended, nutritionists often say that a sufficient amount of calcium intake per day is 1000mg for women over the age of 19 (6). Unfortunately, many people find it difficult to meet the requirements as not all calcium we take in is used effectively. Some is lost and some excreted. However, with the menu provided, calcium intake levels have been boosted to fit patients diagnosed with osteoporosis. For example, the glass of milk provided at breakfast contains 300mg per cup, providing approximately 1/3 of the recommended amount (7). Not only does milk boost up the calcium, but most dairy products, tinned sardines or salmons, soy based products and dark leaved vegetables also contain calcium (8). Some of these meals include the cream of potato soup. As it remains as a side dish of the lunch,only 37mg of calcium has been added. With all other meals and their calcium levels, the body is able to receive enough calcium per day, as recommended. One other example throughout the menu that consists of calcium is the apple turnover and custard for the dessert. This dessert comprises of ingredients such as milk and cream allowing the body to consume a sufficient amount of calcium. Other calcium products has been added throughout the meal to balance out the calcium intake of the day, without an overdosage as it can have other side effects such as hypercalcimia which occurs due to too much calcium in the bloodstream.To prevent osteoporosis the menu provides suitable amounts calcium, where the calcium intake approximately adds up to 1087.17 mg (7) per day, meeting the recommendations, which proves that the calcium consumption level is just right to help with the

Hyperparathyroidism results in an increased tendency to develop renal calculi due to the elevated serum calcium and metastatic calcifications of soft tissues including blood vessels is also common. Patients will also commonly develop duodenal ulcers and may have a change in mental status resulting in lethargy, weakness, and confusion.

Calcium is a mineral that is regulated in the blood by the thyroid. According to the Medline Plus website (2018), Calcium is important for balancing a body’s pH, contracting and relaxing muscles, building strong bones, blood clotting, sending and receiving nerve signals, and keeping a normal heartbeat (Medline Plus, 2018). When our diets lack in calcium, our body has to work twice as hard and takes from calcium stores in our bones. As stated in option three, a food journal was kept to keep track of my calcium intake for two days and compared to a USDA website. These are my findings.

Calcium supports the skeletal structure and its functions by conserving and sustaining the strength of bones and teeth. It is involved in other body processes such as muscle contraction, blood clot formation, nerve impulse transmission, cell metabolism, and assistance in maintaining a healthy blood pressure and immune system. Adult humans absorb approximately 1/3 of the calcium from food. A higher rate of absorption, 50-65%, can be observed amongst newborn infants, children, and pregnant women. Calcium is an essential nutrient and requires vitamin D to be absorbed. Vitamin D is also involved in the regulation of calcium homeostas is. When vitamin D is lacking, the intestine absorbs only 10-15% of the calcium in foods; with the vitamin, intestinal absorption of dietary calcium increases to 30-80%. Once calcium enters the body, it is absorbed throughout the length of the intestines, with the greatest amount of absorption

PTH is released in response to low blood calcium levels. It increases calcium levels by targeting the skeleton, the kidneys, and the intestine. In the skeleton, PTH stimulates osteoclasts, which are cells that cause bone to be reabsorbed, releasing calcium from bone into the blood. PTH also inhibits osteoblasts, cells which deposit bone, reducing calcium deposition in bone. In the intestines, PTH increases dietary calcium absorption and in the kidneys, PTH stimulates reabsorption of the calcium. While PTH acts directly on the kidneys to increase calcium reabsorption, its effects on the intestine are indirect. PTH triggers the formation of calcitriol, an active form of vitamin D, which acts on the intestines to increase absorption of dietary calcium. PTH release is inhibited by rising blood calcium levels. Levels of estrogen peak during puberty and decrease with age. Until about age 30, a person normally builds more bone than he or she loses. After age 35, bone breakdown overtakes bone buildup, which causes a gradual loss of bone mass. Once this loss of bone reaches a certain point, a person has osteoporosis. In osteoporosis, bone tissue becomes brittle, thin, and spongy. Bones break easily, and the spine sometimes begins to crumble and

Got milk? Of course we see this advertisement everywhere. We learned that getting enough calcium is important to have a strong bones when we’re young and keeping them strong and healthy as we age. The food that we eat contributes to overall wellness of our bones. But too many people fall short to get the right amount of calcium we need everyday and this leads to bone loss or low bone density.

First of all, sex hormones play a crucial role in osteoporosis. For instance, when females' monthly periods stop, their estrogen levels will drop. Moreover, their bone density will decrease because estrogen (females' hormone) is important to maintain their bone healthy (3). Like females, the level of Testosterone hormone in males impacts the bones health. Second, lack of the calcium and vitamin D in people's daily meals. Calcium and vitamin D are both essential items to support the bone structure. Since the bones consist of calcium and without vitamin D the absorption of calcium will be less than the normal

Calcium is the most plentiful mineral found in the human body. The teeth and bones contain the most calcium. Nerve cells, body tissues, blood, and other body fluids contain the rest of the calcium. Calcium is one of the most important minerals for the human body. It helps form and maintain healthy teeth and bones. A proper level of calcium in the body over a lifetime can help prevent osteoporosis.

Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid that regulates the production of bone[3] The parathyroid glands also produce hormones that regulate the reabsorption of calcium[3]. An imbalance in calcitonin and parathyroid hormones could contribute to weakened

Calcium is critically involved in muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and many metabolic activities within cells. To remain healthy, the body must keep the level of free calcium ions (Ca2+) within a very narrow concentration range. Besides providing a framework for the body, bone acts as a calcium "bank." When excess calcium is present in the blood, osteoblasts deposit it into bones where it is stored. When too little calcium is present, osteoblasts dissolve calcium from bones and move it into the blood. This process is controlled mainly by parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted by the parathyroid glands in the neck. As people age, various conditions cause them to take more calcium out of the "bone bank" than they deposit, and osteoporosis (which literally means porous bones) eventually develops. A person's peak bone mass and the rate at which they lose it in later life affects their risk of developing osteoporosis; the higher the peak bone mass at age 30, the lower the risk of osteoporosis later on.

Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become brittle and lose their durable architecture. This condition can be caused as a side effect of some drugs such as corticosteroids, hormonal changes or due to nutritional deficiencies. The pathogenesis behind osteoporosis is an imbalance between bone catabolism and anabolism; which nutrition contributes greatly to. The two main nutrients that are implicated with bone turnover are calcium and vitamin D, and a deficiency in either of them can result in impaired bone matrix deposition.

Calcium is essential in any mammal’s development and maintenance. Most calcium is used for bone and teeth development while a small portion is used for metabolic functions like muscle, heart rate, and impulse nerve contractions; and blood clotting (Redrobe, 2002; Exkermann-Ross, 2008; Postman, 1998). Rabbits are unique, along with other rodents, in that their teeth continuously grow (Exkermann-Ross, 2008). Thus their teeth require a larger amount of calcium throughout their life. Since calcium is important for not only the growth of rabbits but also the maintenance of their teeth and metabolic functions, knowing how calcium impacts rabbits is important. Understanding how rabbits develop deficiencies or excesses of calcium is essential

One of the mechanisms of action calcitriol uses to increase calcium and phosphorus absorption is by increasing the adsorption by the small intestine. It also increases the calcium and phosphorus released from the bones and does this by binding to osteoclasts. The osteoclasts release a chemical messenger called osteoclast stimulating factor. This causes precursor cells to change into osteoclasts and the osteoclasts break down the bone, thus releasing calcium and phosphorus into the blood. Lastly, it also promotes reabsorption of calcium ions by the kidneys and less calcium is excreted in the urine.