Calloway Annotated Bibliography

There has been much documentation on the plight of Native Americans throughout the beginnings of this nation. In spite of the attempts by the early government of the United States, the culture of many Native American tribes has survived and even flourished. The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 is just one of many examples of how our government attempted to wipe out Native American culture. This paper will discuss the Dawes Act, particularly the time leading up to the act, the act itself, and finally its failure. By understanding the past failures in the treatment of a particular race of people, the government can learn how to protect the rights of all people, especially in a day and age of cultural diversity.

“The Indian presence precipitated the formation of an American identity” (Axtell 992). Ostracized by numerous citizens of the United States today, this quote epitomizes Axtell’s beliefs of the Indians contributing to our society. Unfortunately, Native Americans’ roles in history are often categorized as insignificant or trivial, when in actuality the Indians contributed greatly to Colonial America, in ways the ordinary person would have never deliberated. James Axtell discusses these ways, as well as what Colonial America may have looked like without the Indians’ presence. Throughout his article, his thesis stands clear by his persistence of alteration the Native Americans had on our nation. James Axtell’s bias delightfully enhances his thesis, he provides a copious amount of evidence establishing how Native Americans contributed critically to the Colonial culture, and he considers America as exceptional – largely due to the Native Americans.

Most of his attention is on the Native American Indian culture and events occurring in the west after the Civil War; a period when few remnants of their original culture remained. “My interest in Ohio of the seventeenth century is because many lived traditional lives. They were capable of living and largely surviving as spiritual, militarily and political entities on their own.”

Five specific groups were especially affected by industrialization: Native Americans, African Americans, children, farmers, and immigrants. Due to federal and state policies, Native Americans were removed from their traditional land into reservations, which were often smaller, more undesirable land. The Dawes Act of 1887, which broke up reservation lands, was ultimately detrimental to Native Americans. Settlers and federal troops pushed the remaining free tribes off their homelands in the Great Plains, and killed most of the buffalo population on which Native Americans relied for survival (The USA online, n.d.).

Because this book is not fiction it is structured different than most “storyline” books, this report will follow that structure for clarity and efficiency. Brown was very detailed and thorough in his introduction and he emphasized each and every major Native American tribe of the time and gave a history of each. This report will cover the main casualties that each of the tribes faced with detail because of Browns use of “first-person statements by Indians and the records of treaty councils and other formal meetings with civilian and military representatives of the United States government.” Brown starts with the beginning, Christopher Columbus’ voyage to

When people are asked to voice their opinion about what the word “Indian” truly entails, many refer to the countless stories, photographs, and films particularly related to them. One such group, the Sioux are a great example of the many inaccurate depictions history has burden them with. They are seen first and foremost as savaged killers who took and never gave back. However, with time much has been revealed to show their true characteristics. It was found that they were not people of war and bloodshed, but merely of honor and strength. Stepping away from the bias, the Sioux nation was an extraordinary group of nomads who survived on the buffalo population, tribal interactions, and family contributions.

America’s Gilded Age. A time where in the span of 20 years, a major amount of progress has made its way to our young nation. The Statue of Liberty made its debut on October 1886, Railroads became a new way of economic power and transportation of goods, and almost everyone moved out west to seek new lives with the hopes of fortune in mind. However, with America expanding and renovating itself after the end

Henry Dawes, a Republican from Massachusetts in the Senate, argued that there was not any space left in America for the uncivilized Indian, and that it was the responsibility of white men to assimilate the Indian (Retrieving the American Past 5). This act divided the reservations into individual family farms. It was thought that by providing the Indians with property, they would become assimilated and earn their right to American citizenship (Give Me Liberty 608). Unfortunately, the Dawes Act was a huge failure for the Native Americans; they ended up losing even more land than they had

The Cherokee are perhaps one of the most interesting of Native American Groups. Their life and culture are closely intertwined with early American settlers and the history of our own nation 's struggle for freedom. In the interest of promoting tolerance and peace, and with regard to the United States government 's handling of Native affairs, their story is one that is painful, stoic, and must not be forgotten.

New land meant new opportunity for the Europeans, but they soon discovered that they were not alone in the new world. The native inhabitants of what is now the modern day Americas had no idea what to expect from these strange people, but this marked the beginning of the rocky relationship between the Native Americans and the European explorers; This would have a big impact on the Native American’s way of life. The Native Americans are often generalized and put into one big group, but this could not be more wrong; each tribe had their own religions, and customs. Their diverse cultures are often overlooked in favor of the stereotypes that are usually placed on them.

As we know, the first Americans to inhabit what is now the United States was not the Europeans, but instead Native Americans. Part of our great nation’s history involves history that is not always so great. Our country has endured many wars, struggles, economic and agricultural hardship and history that many would call shameful. However, the United States has evolved over hundreds of years and has transcended its very existence and influenced every corner of the globe, because of those past hardships our country has grown into what is now the most diverse, opportunistic and free country the world has ever known. In this essay, I will discuss the Apache Indians long and proud culture in conjunction with their own personal struggles as a Native American tribe in North America.

Many Treaties were made between Europeans and Indians tribes to ensure the peaceful land trade. In the second paragraph, the writers talk about the removal and the relocation of the Indians tribes on the period from 1828–1887. The authors explain how the immense cultural differences between the new comers and the indigenous people, have made the assimilation and the fusion unrealistic, especially after several bloody confrontations. The new generation supported the idea of the expansion of the land and the removal of Indians across the Mississippi. The Indian Removal Act was passed on 1830, flowed by massive Indian migration to the west. However, The European expansion continued to reach the west and the politics of removal came to a dead end, letting place to a period of “ALLOTMENT AND ASSIMILATION” which runs from 1887 to 1928 (8). According to the book, the central idea was to assimilate Indians by giving them a land and changing them to farmers. Indians had to choose between moving west or taking allotments, what can allow them to become citizens. However, many Indians were unable to work their land since the investment for seeds and equipment’s was very

More literature is being written and illustrated by Native Americans and knowledgeable authorities today, then in the past. On an attached page I have included an annotated bibliography of Native American literature. This bibliography has been reviewed by professionals and declared "good" reading for children.

In "New People's and New Societies” by Colin G. Calloway, Calloway tells the story of how the Europeans took the Indian land and built a new America, and how they got advantages from the Indian culture

Ever since Columbus came to the Americas, white people have massacred Native Americans. They stole all their land and killed their people while Native Americans could do little to defend themselves. In the nineteenth century, The Long Walk and The Trail of Tears were series of forced removals where the U.S. government forced Native American people of different tribes to move from their native ancestral lands to specially marked territories. Thousands of people died along the way. Nowadays, there are reservations where the U.S. government gives managing power of a certain piece of land to Native American tribes. There are often problems of poverty, drinking, and gambling on the reservations. This book provides a little insight on the lives of many Native Americans living on reservations through the eyes of Junior (which is based on the author’s experiences) and is also an eye-opener to people who were not familiar with discrimination towards Native