Campylobacter Infection

According to Aziz (2013), “C difficile is a spore-forming, Gram-positive anaerobic bacillus that is the most common cause of diarrhea in hospitalized patients” (p.1). C diff. infection occur when a patient is being treated with an anti-biotic for a particular disease and this anti-biotic depletes the number of good bacteria to an extent that it creates an environment suitable for an opportunist pathogen like a fungi or bacteria to take over and infect the patient with a different type of illness. In hospitalized patients, especially those who are taking a lot of antibiotics, normal bacteria in their guts can be killed and in this case leaving C-diff to multiply and cause an infection. Diarrhea and stomach cramps are one of the symptoms of C.diff infection. I some cases serious inflammation of the colon can also occur. The infection can be acute or chronic which means that the infection can last 2-3weeks or more. Isolating infected patients helps to reduce the spread of this infection to other patients in the hospital. Health care workers should also use the appropriate protective equipment to assess the isolation rooms and have these patients not

Gastrointestinal diseases are pervasive problem that is caused by ingestion of contaminated foods or water in which an extensive etiological agents known as enteric pathogen are present, [1]. Salmonella is one of the most opportunistic gram negative, facultative anaerobic food borne pathogens that represent a major health problem and a substantial cause of food poisoning[2]. Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) stance as the second most prevalent cause of acute gastroenteritis that affecting one million illnesses in the United States, with 19,000 hospitalizations and 380 deaths[3]. Infection begins with the ingestion of contaminated food or water then characterized by attachment of the bacteria by fimbriae or pili to cells lining the

Salmonella enterica: is a member of the Enterobacteriacecae family, a rod shape Gram-negative bacterium. After passage through the gastric acid barrier, S. enterica binds tightly to specific receptors of the epithelial cells in small intestine. The receptor interaction activates a cellular response results in transfer of bacterial effector proteins into the epithelial cell, following by uptake of bacterial cell by endocytosis. Invasion of epithelial cells induce an inflammatory response that increases the fluid secretion of epithelial cells, causing diarrhea. [2]

After receiving the test results, the samples confirmed to bacteria that was in the water. The two bacteria’s where Coliform Bacteria and E.Coli. Coliform bacteria is present in the feces of all warm-blooded animals and humans. The three water samples for total coliform bacteria were 57,000 CFUs, 43,000 CFUs and 45,000 CFUs. The team of scientist was in surprise due to the high contamination level of the Coliform

Campylobacter -like organisms can produce an enterocolitis/proctocolitis syndrome in homosexual males, who are at increased risk for Helicobacter cinaedi and Helicobacter fennelliae infections. C jejuni infections may also produce serious bacteremic conditions in individuals with AIDS. Most reported bacteremias have been due to Campylobacter fetus fetus infection. Campylobacter lari, which is found in healthy seagulls, has also been reported to produce mild recurrent diarrhea in children.Campylobacter upsaliensis may cause diarrhea or bacteremia, while Campylobacter

Helicobacter pylori are a species of epsilon proteobacteria which colonizes the harsh environment of the human stomach. Its name refers to both its spiral shape (Helicobacter) and the area of the lower stomach which it habitually colonizes: the gateway (pylorus) between the stomach and small intestine (Meyers, 2007). This bacterium is thought to be present within up to 50% of the human population and has been linked to the development of a number of different medical conditions (Chalmers et al. 2004). This report will provide

Helicobacter pylori is structurally small, gram negative rods which is microaerophilic in nature and has capability of colonizing regularly in human stomach (Strausbaugh et al., 2002). Due to such colonizing capability, it is regarded as one of the most common bacterial pathogen present in almost 50% of the world’s population (Zhao et al., 2014) and the reason behind such well adaptation or enduring of H.pylori in the Human’s stomach is due to the combined effects of several factors that addresses different challenges or obstacles presented by the nasty environment inside the stomach (Montecucco and Rappuoli, 2001). Helicobacter pylori produce the urease that neutralize the gastric acid or shows the buffering effect around the surroundings within the stomach. Moreover, it has a capacity of crossing the thick mucus lining of the stomach easily and binding itself to the antigen known as Lewis antigen that are basically present in gastric cells and whose function is to secrete different factors associated with stimulating and attracting the inflammatory cells and Toxin VacA that performs the multiple functions and such activities of H.pylori is possible due to its helicoidal shape the mode of action of flagella present. Mainly, the presence of the cag pathogenicity island (Cag-PAI) which is a 40-kb DNA insertion elements containing 32 genes and encoding a type IV secretion system helps in the optimal fitness of the bacteria in the stomach and appearance of pathogenic traits.

It is important to note that duodenal and gastric ulcers reoccur in up to 80% of patient treated with drugs to reduce gastric acid but, not treated to reduce or eradicate the H pylori infection (Woo & Robinson, 2015). In the case of Mr. TJ, there is a possibility that the H pylori infection was not completely eradicated. In the treatment of PUD, the goals include eradication of H pylori which can be achieved by a triple or quadruple drug regimen that combines bismuth subsalicylate and antimicrobial therapy. The antimicrobials usually used for the treatment of H. pylori include clarithromycin, tetracycline, Amoxicillin, levofloxacin and metronidazole. Other goals of therapy are the prevention of relapse, reduction of symptoms, prevention of

faecalis and E. faecium. However, even though tetracycline exhibit clinically significant anti-enterococcal activity, it is generally considered a second-line agent and is seldom used for enterococci treatment nowadays, so these results may not be alarming. Nonetheless, this finding, as well as increasing rifampin resistance in E. faecium urine, although non-significant, should be taken seriously and preventive measures should be taken. More concerning is the emergence of linezolid resistance in both E. faecalis and E. faecium, which remains a crucial therapy for VRE faecium, providing additional evidence of a growing public health crisis. Linezolid resistance in enterococci, although still relatively less common, has been linked with increasing linezolid use previously.18 Our findings could also be related to the involvement of antibiotic selective pressure on changing enterococci resistance, supporting a cautious use of these antibiotics and reinforcing the need for better infection control strategies and alternative therapies to treat enterococci infections. Our findings may explain the linezolid resistance of <30.2% for E. faecalis urine isolates observed in a previous

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; most healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) such as staph or MERSA are dropping except for one: Clostridium difficile infections or CDI which causes an estimated 14,000 diarrhea related deaths in America each year. Clostridium difficile is a gram positive, anaerobic bacteria that can produce exotoxins, form spores and is beginning to show increased resistance to antimicrobial treatment. Symptoms of CDI include watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea and abdominal tenderness (CDC 2011). The usual treatment for CDI is first to cease use of any antibiotics that first may have caused the CDI. If symptoms do not improve, then a stronger course of antibiotics is usually done but CDI has a high rate of reoccurrence. In a double-blind, randomized trial comparing the efficacy of fidaxomicin vs. vancomycin in treating CDI the reoccurrence rate was 15.4% for fidaxomicin and 25.3 for% for vancomycin (Louie et al. 2011). There is, however, a solution with a cure rate upwards of 90% with no chance of increasing antimicrobial resistance; the fecal microbial transplant (FMT). A fecal microbial transplant involves taking a fresh stool sample from donors screened for transmissible disease and parasite infection, diluting it with sterile saline or milk and administering via nasoduodenal tube or enema (van Nood et al. 20013). The donor may be any healthy, medically screened adult, either an unrelated stranger or a family

Neonatal calf diarrhea remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in young calves that causes substantial economic losses (Constable, 2004). Diarrhea in neonatal calves is a syndrome of great etiological complexity, in addition to the influence of various environmental, managemental, nutritional and physiological factors, numerous infectious agents are capable of causing neonatal calf diarrhea (Schumann et al., 1990). Multiple enteric pathogens have been recovered from diarrheic calves, their relative prevalence varies geographically but Escherichia coli, Rotavirus, and Coronavirus, C. perfringens, Salmonella spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. are recognized as the most common infectious agents in most areas (Garcia et al., 2000; Snodgrass et al., 1986).

I selected a presentation on Antimicrobial Resistance given by Dame Sally Davies, England’s Chief Medical Officer, for the Royal Institution of Great Britain. This review will focus on the first five minutes of the lecture (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2H_Ox1vVnTc, 0:10-5:35).

Infectious bacterial diarrhea is a common occurrence among the elderly people, children, and the immunocompromised individuals. One of the major reasons behind the infectious diarrhea is the inflammation of the colon. Colitis is the inflammation of the colon resulting to symptoms such as diarrhea, tenesmus, fever, and severe abdominal pain. The common pathologic organisms responsible for the infection include Camphylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, Escherichia, and the Yersinia species (Papaconstantinou, & Thomas, 2007). The initial infection of Camphylobacter, C, fetus, was discovered and described in 1947 after several cases appeared and it was isolated from blood (Loss, Mangla, & Pereira, 1980). Later, the discovery of new identification techniques led to the isolation of other strains of the species. Currently, the identification has developed, leading to isolation of bacteria such as Camphylobacter and E. coli in culture techniques and other isolation techniques. Treatment of this disease uses multidisciplinary approach of both antibiotics and supportive therapy.

Sickness and disease has always been a concern within our society but in recent years treatment and prevention has become more difficult. Resources are being spent on trying to develop vaccinations and antibiotics for wildly diverse and common infections, and none more than the prevalence of the microbial pathogen Salmonella. Our understanding of this pathogen has only reached infancy stage, leaving a high demand for further understanding of the organism, pathways of infection, and its potential effect on our society.

According to various scientists, the routine use of antibiotics on the farm have promoted drug-resistant superbugs in the factories. An evidence was from Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through the approval of flouroquinolones, an antibiotic class with ciprofloxacin, which has been in the production of poultry since the year 1995 (FDA, 06). In 1999, ciprofloxacin-resistant Camplobacter,