Can We Use Plant Extraction And Control Or Reduce Plasmid Gene Transfer?

Modern-day advances have allowed scientists to develop methods to control pathogens. The more common methods include the use of antiseptics, antibiotics, and vaccines. By definition, antiseptics are chemicals used to kill pathogens. A few widespread antiseptics include soap, vinegar, and rubbing alcohol. Antiseptics are primarily used for the external destruction of pathogens, while antibiotics and vaccines target internal pathogens. Nevertheless, there are and can be difficulties concerning the use of antibiotics. “As antibiotic use has become more common, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have evolved.” This resistance due to evolution is called antibiotic resistance. It results in the antibiotics having no effect whatsoever on the bacteria, rendering the antibiotics useless. When antibiotic resistance occurs, scientists must resume their search to create a new medicine to can kill the mutant bacteria.

The last forty-five years has seen a significant increase in world animal protein production. Since 1967 global production of poultry meat has increased by around 700%, eggs by 350%, pig meat by 290%, sheep and goat meat by 200%, beef and buffalo meat by 180% and milk by 180%. Livestock are increasingly important to the food security of millions of people. (Leyonhjelm 3)

Antibiotics are inarguably one of the greatest advances in medical science of the past century. Although the first natural antibiotic Penicillin was not discovered until 1928 by Scottish biologist Alexander Flemming, evidence exists that certain plant and mold growths were used to treat infections in ancient Egypt, ancient India, and classical Greece (Forrest, 1982). In our modern world with the advent of synthetic chemistry synthetic antibiotics like Erithromycin and its derivative Azithromycin have been developed. Antibiotics have many uses including the treatment of bacterial and protozoan infection, in surgical operations and prophylactically to prevent the development of an infection. Through these applications, antibiotics have saved countless lives across the world and radically altered the field of medicine. Though a wonderful and potentially lifesaving tool, antibiotic use is not without its disadvantages. Mankind has perhaps been too lax in regulation and too liberal in application of antibiotics and growing antibiotic resistance is the price we must now pay. A recent study showed that perhaps 70% of bacterial infections acquired during hospital visits in the United States are resistant to at least one class of antibiotic (Leeb, 2004). Bacteria are not helpless and their genetic capabilities have allowed them to take advantage of society’s overuse of antibiotics, allowing them to develop

Antimicrobial resistant has been called one of the world's most pressing public health problems. Every time a person takes antibiotics, sensitive bacteria are killed, but resistant ones may be left to grow stronger and multiply. Although antibiotics can help treat bacterial infections, a possible side effect is that they can strengthen certain bacterial strains. Antibiotics are supposed to be used for bacterial infections, but are wrongly being used for both viral and bacterial infections. When we use antibiotics on viral infections, deadly bacteria multiplies and becomes stronger. We can fix this problem by using antibiotics for bacterial infections only.

Antibiotic resistance evolves in bacteria. Charles Darwin created the theory of evolution which focused on natural selection being the key factor of how things change. Natural selection is when organisms that are better suited to the environment are able to reproduce successfully. Evolution is descent with modification. Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics by a mutation. The bacteria that did not die from the antibiotic inherited the gene from an ancestor that made it resistant. Since the other bacteria is dying faster than the resistant bacteria, the resistant bacteria are able to multiply

So if a bacterium has a gene resistant to Penicillin dies and another bacterium picks up that gene, now the bacterium that is alive is resistant to Penicillin. This allows the bacteria that die to still have an influence in the colony. The second method is called transduction or the passing of virus. Since virus are just pieces of DNA or RNA they can latch onto genes from one bacterium and then transfer them to another bacterium thus giving more bacteria that gene that may be resistant to a specific antibiotic such as penicillin. The final method is called conjugation which allows bacteria to create a gene transferring connection with each other and when they break apart both bacteria can gain genes from each other allowing them to be resistant to possibly two antibiotics. Horizontal gene transfer is bacteria biggest weapon against everything we throw at them. So the question is can we evolve our own weapons, antibiotics, fast enough to counter these methods bacteria use to survive (Hobley,

In the past tense 60 years, antibiotic drugs have been critical to the fight against infectious disease caused by bacteria and other microbe. Antimicrobial chemotherapy has been a lead cause for the dramatic rise of norm life expectancy in the Twentieth Century. 1 However, disease-causing bug that have become resistant to antibiotic drug therapy are an increasing public health trouble. “Wound contagion, tuberculosis, pneumonia, gonorrhea, childhood ear infections, and septicemia are just a few of the diseases that have become hard to treat with antibiotics.” 2 One part of the job is that bacteria and other germ that cause infections are remarkably resilient and have developed several ways to resist antibiotics and other antimicrobial drug. 3 Another part of the problem is due to increasing use, and abuse, of existing

According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) a minimum of 2 million people become infected with antibiotic resistant bacteria and an estimated minimum of 23, 000 people die each year as a direct result of those infections . As an increasing number of infectious diseases are becoming resistant to numerous allopathic medicines , for example meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureusis or MRSA, more research is being conducted into alternative treatments derived from naturally occurring substances. Having heard about the

Antibiotic resistance can develop wherever antibiotics are: medical facilities, animal products and communities. Breaks in infection control, inadequate water sanitation and poor hygiene all contribute to the spread of resistant bacteria from person to person (Collignon, et al., 2015). The majority of antibiotic usage worldwide is in animals raised as a food source (Collignon, et al., 2015). 80% of antibiotic use in the United States is for growth promotion and disease prevention of farm animals used for food sources (CDC, 2015). This usage of antibiotics leads to the development of resistant bacteria, which spread to people via the food chain or water (Collignon, et al., 2015).

Antibiotics was developed to combat bacteria by zero in on the bacteria’s structure. As time goes by bacteria can defeat antibiotics in their natural selection. Natural selection plays an important role in the progression of antibiotic resistance. Most of the bacteria dies when it is exposed to antibiotics they are sensitive to. Therefore, it creates more space and availability of nutrients for the surviving antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Subsequently,

Antibiotics are derived from microbes that work by inhibiting the growth or by killing other bacteria (Tortora, Funke, and Case 549). Usually our body’s immune system is an ample defense by stopping microbes from replicating or killing them. However, sometimes the body can become overwhelmed and that is when antibiotics are used to help out our immune systems. An important dilemma in medicine is the increasing occurrence of antibiotic resistance, which occurs when bacteria are exposed to the same antibiotics over and over and eventually makes them less effective (Tortora, Funke, and Case 549). Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are bacteria that are not killed by common antibiotics (“Antibiotics”, 2007, para.6). There are several ways bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance: by altering of the drug target, altering membrane permeability, by developing enzymes that can inactivate the drug, developing alternate synthetic pathways, or acquire resistance by exposure to microbe with resistance genes. This spreading of genes is the result of plasmids that transfer R factors which contain two groups of genes: a resistance transfer factor and the r-determinant, which has the resistance genes (Tortora, Funke, and Case 232). R factors can be a problem in the healthcare field because of the misuse of antibiotics. This leads to preferential selection of bacteria that have R factors and results in populations of resistant bacteria growing larger and larger (Tortora, Funke,

This article is about the determination of Antibiotic resistance that relies on the fitness effects of resistance elements in the absence of antibiotics. Angst and Hall tentatively developed rifampicin-resistant and delicate Escherichia coli in drug-free environment, before measuring the impacts of new resistance components on fitness in antibiotic free conditions. Streptomycin resistance changes had little fitness impacts in rifampicin-resistant genotypes that had adjusts to antibiotic free environment , contrasted with the same genotypes without acclimatization. They watched a comparative impact when resistance was encoded by a plasmid. Antibiotic sensitive microorganisms that acclimated to the same conditions indicated

Antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by microorganisms and has eradicated many deadly infections. However if antibiotics are used incorrectly, these microorganisms can form a resistance to the drug and become an untreatable superbug.

Antibiotic Resistance (ABR) is a worldwide threat that is affecting humans, animals, and the environment in the United States and around the world. ABR occurs when antibiotics have lost their power to kill bad bacteria. Therefore, the bacteria become resistant to therapeutic antibiotics resulting in uncured illnesses. Barlam and Gupta, authors of the article “Antibiotic Resistance Spreads Internationally Across Borders,” state that “ABR develops when bacteria are exposed to antibiotics either during treatments in humans or animals through environmental sources contaminated with antibiotic residues” (12). People and animals will always be connected one way or another through the environment. The spread of ABR happens through direct contact with an infected person or animal, through contact or consumption of meat or produce contaminated with ABR bacteria, or simply through the environment (12). The spreading issue of ABR has been a serious concern for an extensive amount of time that has influenced the environment in a negative way. Balasegaram et al., authors of “The Global Innovation Model for Antibiotics Needs Reinvention,” state that infections are becoming more difficult to treat due to the lack of research, various human activities, and development of new antibiotics that can aid bacterial resistance (22). It’s time for society to have a better understanding of the risks ABR has before it’s too late. ABR is becoming a severely growing problem with the food, soil, and

In the past tense 60 years, antibiotic drugs have been critical to the fight against infectious disease caused by bacteria and other microbe. Antimicrobial chemotherapy has been a lead cause for the dramatic rise of norm life expectancy in the Twentieth Century. 1 However, disease-causing bug that have become resistant to antibiotic drug therapy are an increasing public health trouble . Wound contagion , gonorrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia, septicemia and childhood ear infection are just a few of the diseases that have become hard to treat with antibiotics. 2 One part of the job is that bacteria and other germ that cause infections are remarkably resilient and have developed several ways to resist antibiotics and other antimicrobial drug. 3 Another part of the problem is due to increasing use, and abuse, of existing antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine and in agriculture. 4 Nowadays, about 70 percent of the bacteria that cause infections in infirmary are resistant to at least one of the drug most commonly used for handling. 5 Some organisms are resistant to all approved antibiotics and can only be treated with experimental and potentially toxic drugs. An alarming increase in immunity of bacteria that cause community acquired infections has also been documented, especially in the staphylococci and pneumococci, which are prevalent causes of disease and mortality. 6 In a recent study, 25 percent of bacterial pneumonia cases were