Canagliflozin Research Paper

When glucose carriers in the membrane were set to 500, the glucose transport rate for 2.00 mM of glucose was .0008 mM/min. Equilibrium was reached at 43 minutes. At 700 glucose carriers the rate was .0010 mM , and equilibrium was reached at 33 minutes. When the glucose carriers was set at 900 the rate was .012 mM/min, and equilibrium was reached at 27 minutes. After changing the glucose concentration to 8.0 mM, the glucose transport rate with 500 carrier proteins was .0023 mM/min, and equilibrium was reached at 58 minutes. With the simulation set at 700 carrier proteins the rate was .0031mM/min, and equilibrium was reached at 43 minutes. When the simulation was done with 900 carrier proteins the glucose transport rate was .0038, and equilibrium was reached at 35 minutes.

12. How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell? (P. 26 bottom right, p 29 mid left)

Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes; Bruce Neal, M.B., Ch.B., Ph.D., Vlado Perkovic, M.B., B.S., Ph.D., Kenneth W. Mahaffey, M.D., Dick de Zeeuw, M.D., Ph.D., Greg Fulcher, M.D., Ngozi Erondu, M.D., Ph.D., Wayne Shaw, D.S.L., Gordon Law, Ph.D., Mehul Desai, M.D., and David R. Matthews, D.Phil., B.M., B.Ch; New England Journal of Medicine

The mainstay of type 2 diabetes medication is Metformin due to the cost, safety of the medication and limitied side effects. Metformin reduces glucose levels through two pathways; it reduces hepatic glucose production and increases the insulin tissue sensitivity. Monotherapy is normal for this medication; however, it can be utilized in combination with other medications. Metformin used in conjunction with Sodium glucose cotransporter provides a greater control over the level of glucose in the body due to the reduction of glucose production, increase in sensitivity, reduction of reabsorption of glucose and the excretion of glucose through the kidneys, basically the glucose control is through 4 different pathways making it a synergetic effect on diabetes type 2. According to Inzucchi et al.(2016), the combination of these medications helped patients reduce their overall A1c (0.5-1.0), lose weight (2kg) and a reduction in their blood

A clinical study placed in the package insert for Jardiance (empagliflozin) compared a 25mg and 10mg dose of empagliflozin to a placebo. Like the canagliflozin study, it was designed to determine how effective empagliflozin was at lowering blood glucose levels for patients on Metformin. This study evaluated 637 Type 2 diabetic patients who took a certain dose for 24 weeks. Empagliflozin 10mg given orally once per day decreased A1c from a baseline of 7.9% by 0.7% and the 25mg dose decreased A1c from a baseline of 7.9% by 0.8%. The 10mg dose

Invokana (canagliflozin) is an oral diabetic medication used to help control blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetics. Type 2 diabetes is a condition, usually with an onset in adulthood, in which the body cannot make enough insulin. Canagliflozin works with the kidneys to help get rid of glucose from the bloodstream. (drugs.com, 2015) It is suggested that with a healthy diet and adequate exercise this medication has the ability to control type 2 diabetes.

Incretins reduces gastric emptying and also inhibit glucagon release from the alpha-cells and improves the glycemic control alongside decreases the body weight and systolic blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients [26]. Risk of hypoglycemia is low due glucose-dependent mechanism of action. Thus, incretin mimetics have become an important part for treating T2DM. Incretin based drugs include DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists (Exenatide and Liraglutide).

In conclusion, the results of the experiment not only demonstrates diffusion but also displays how permeable membranes, such as a dialysis tube, can be. The results support my hypothesis. The glucose level changed in the experiment from 250 to 100 proving that the tube allowed glucose in, but was impermeable to starch. The experiment reflected the results of biological simulation: glucose molecules crossing membranes into the intestinal

SGLT2 inhibitors are the new boys on the block and they work by stopping your kidneys from reabsorbing sugar into the blood and eliminating it in the urine. These medications include Canagliflozin and Dapagliflozin. The negative side effects may be yeast and urinary tract infections along with an increase

Patients must inform their physician of any history of pancreatitis, alcoholism, gallbladder stones. Patients must not take more than 60 units of SOLIQUA (Lixilan) each day, and must not mix SOLIQUA(Lixilan) in any other type of insulin or liquid medicine prior to injection. Patient must not remove SOLIQUA(Lixilan) from the pen with a syringe and must not reuse or share needles with other people because of infection and other bloodborne diseases. Patients must check their blood sugar levels regularly. Severe allergic reactions may occur with SOLIQUA(Lixilan), in this situation they must stop taking SOLIQUA(Lixilan) and get help immediately if they have any symptoms of a severe allergic reaction such as swelling of face, problems breathing or swallowing, severe rash or itching, fainting or feeling dizzy, and very rapid heartbeat. Risk for Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) is increasing if SOLIQUA(Lixilan) is taken with another hypoglycemic drug. The kidney problems may worsen in patients who have kidney problems due to diarrhea, nausea and vomiting that may lead to fluid loss. Heart failure may occur in some patients with or without history of heart failure when Thiazolidinediones are taken with SOLIQUA(Lixilan). Medical provider should be notified about any heart failure history. Patient should seek medical attention if has symptoms

Canagliflozin is an orally active, reversible, selective SGLT2 inhibitor. It acts on kidneys to reduce the renal threshold for glucose (RTG) and increase urinary glucose excretion (UGE). Canagliflozin is administered orally which gets rapidly absorbed achieving peak plasma concentrations within 1–2 h and steady state levels are reached in 4 to 5 days. It has a bioavailability of 65% and is highly protein bound (99%) mainly to albumin. Metabolism of the drug is mainly via O-glucuronidation via uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9) and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase B4 (UGT2B4) to inactive metabolites, which are renally eliminated. Generally, 60 % and 33 % of the administered dose is excreted in the feces and

Dapaglifozin and canagliflozin are the first PBS-listed agents from a new class of oral antidiabetics agents known as SGLT2 inhibitors. This class represents a novel insulin-independent approach for treatment of type 2 diabetes that relies on the role of the kidneys in glucose homeostasis. SGLT2 is a low-affinity, high-capacity sodium-coupled glucose transporter located on the luminal side of the renal proximal tubule and accounts for most glucose reabsorption in the kidneys (Pajor et. al., 2008).

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic health condition in which the level of glucose in the blood is higher than usual. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not create enough insulin and type 2 diabetes occurs when insulin is produced, but is not adequate in lowering blood glucose levels or there is resistance to the insulin (Edwards, 2007, p. 9). Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease, foot and leg amputations, and new cases of blindness in the United States (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 1465-66). People with type 1 diabetes are required to take insulin to manage their glucose levels. People with type 2 diabetes are usually prescribed oral medications such as sulfonylurea agents, meglitinide

The proximal convoluted tubule acts as a selective reabsorption which are valuable substances that are taken back into the blood and are not lost in the urine. Selective reabsorption takes place by the active transport, which needs energy provided by ATP. Proximal convoluted tubule cells have many mitochondria to generate ATP by aerobic respiration. Normally, the glucose is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule. However, even though the high capacity of tubule cells to generate ATP, there is a limit to the amount of glucose that can be reabsorbed. If the blood glucose concentration is higher than a critical level called the renal threshold, glucose appears in the urine.

Carbohydrates transport in cells is a key step in metabolism. In humans, facilitated diffusion of glucose and related carbohydrates is mediated by members of the GLUT (SLCA2) family. The fourteen human GLUTs transport various substrates, exhibit distinct substrate affinity,