Canagliflozin Research Paper

Rite Aid pharmacy filled her prescription with a 6 mg tablet of Glynase, brand name for glyburide, instead of her prescribed drug, Ritalin. In diabetic patients, blood sugar is high, hyperglycemia, and Glynase helps to lower the blood sugar. Moreover, Glynase is an adult diabetic medication with no indication for children and because Gabrielle does not have low blood sugar, she became hypoglycemic.

Bckground While modern lifestyles and medical care have certainly improved the longevity of humans in the developed world, and contributed to a greater quality of life scenario, those same lifestyles have engendered a number of issues that contribute to disease. Lack of proper diet, fast food, high fat and carbohydrate diets without adequate fruits and vegetables, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol contribute to an epidemic of obesity which, in turn, contributes to a serious metabolic disorder called Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. While not managed by insulin injections, it is nevertheless quite serious and has a number of progressing symptoms that, if not treated properly, can result in cardiovascular, renal and neurological problems, as well as amputation, ocular issues, and even cognitive dysfunction.

The body tends to deal with this imbalance by filtering out excess glucose throughout the kidneys, resulting in high levels of sugar in the urine. As glucose level rises the kidneys over-whelmed and don’t function normally. They lose their ability to absorb much water the result is frequent urination. This is commonly the earliest sign of diabetes. It is often followed by unquenchable thirst as the body tries to regain the lost fluids. It often seems that more fluid comes out than went in.

This article discusses the use of dulaglutide and sitagliptin in the management of type 2 diabetes. Dulaglutide is a recombinant GLP-1 Fc fusion protein, which acts by linking GLP-1 analog peptide and a variant of lgG4 Fc fragments in humans. As such, the analog of GLP-1 has posed effects and has shown elevated efficacies in the management of type 2 diabetes. The primary efficacy in the baseline of HbA was altered during the end of 52nd week. The objective of secondary efficacy included a change in HbA during the end of the 26th and 104th week. The percentage of patients achieved HbA targets ranged between 7.5% to 6.5% in a central laboratory and the body changed significantly. However, current treatment majorly focuses on increasing

Type 2 Diabetes is a disease that is found in a variety of age groups around the world. This disease is growing at a rapid rate and it is impacting the health of this generation and future generations to come. Diabetes is a disease that impairs the body’s ability to produce or respond to the insulin hormone produced by the pancreas. The insulin allows for the glucose to be effectively used as energy throughout the body. Diabetes causes carbohydrates to be abnormally digested, which can raise blood glucose levels. This means that the glucose is not being taken up by the cells that need it. The cells cannot take up the excess glucose that has accumulated in the blood, so it is excreted through the urine. This can lead to problems with the kidneys, central nervous system, heart, and eyes because high blood glucose can damage the blood vessels of these organs. This diseased is managed by adopting a diet low in fat and high in fiber, increasing physical activity, losing excess weight, and not smoking. If this

Consequently, the efferent arteriole, which filters blood away from the glomerulus, is tinier in diameter than the afferent arteriole, which carries blood into each glomerulus. This puts blood under high pressure in the glomerulus; thus it forces tiny molecules and liquid out of the capillary and into the Bowman’s capsule. Soon afterwards, the tiny and liquid molecules cross the epithelium of the Bowman’s capsule, the basement membrane and capillary wall in order to get into the Bowman’s capsule and to arrive in the nephron tubules. The consequence of this is that the filtrate (the tiny and liquid molecules) pass along the remainder of the nephron and helpful substances are reabsorbed along the route. Last of all, “the filtrate flows through the collecting duct and passes out of the kidney along the ureter” as mentioned by (Parson’s, R: p128).

treatments such as exercising and diet. No longer keeps the blood sugar under control and oral

We learned that Type 1 is an autoimmune condition where the body attacks its own beta cells in the pancreas via antibodies. Specifically, the person’s body produces antibodies that come down and destroy the beta cells in their pancreas. By having no beta cells, the person will not be able to secrete insulin; therefore, leaving the body in a hyperglycemic state. Some of the first symptoms of hyperglycemia are polyuria or polydipsia. Normal levels of blood glucose are between 70-110mg/100ml. Symptoms such as polyuria and polydipsia are diagnosed when diuresis via osmolarity of glucose becomes more than the Transport maximum (200mg/100ml). The protein responsible for this reabsorption of glucose is located in the proximal convoluted tubule, called the Sodium Glucose Transporter. In essence, 100mg/100ml of glucose can be easily reabsorbed, but 500mg of glucose will exceed the Tranport maximum. As a result, the person will have diuresis because 200mg will be reabsorbed, but 300mg will be left which ends up in the urine. This condition is also called diabetes mellitus or honey

The newest class of antidiabeteic medications to be approved for use in the United States is the glucagon-like- peptide-1 agonists (GLP-1). There are two drugs in this class that are currently available, exenatide (Byetta, Bydurian) and liraglutide (Victoza) (LexiComp, 2014). These medications mimic the actions of endogenous GLP-1. Endogenous GLP-1 is secreted from the L-cells in the colon and ileum in response to the ingestion of nutrients (Ryan, Foster, & Jobe, 2011, p. 794). GLP-1 has a half-life of 2 minutes due to the action of the DPP-4 enzymes. GLP-1 agonists overcome this issue by having an altered structure that renders them less susceptible to DPP-4 enzymatic degradation thus

Due to its insulin-independent mechanism of action that produces glucose excretion in the urine, dapagliflozin was known to be very effective when utilized as monotherapy, plus complementary and effective when used in combination with other anti-diabetic drugs; the clinical trial program was aimed to discover this therapeutic potential. Also, the program discovered the persistent calories loss in the

Candesartan is quickly and completely bioactivated by hydrolysis during the absorption from the GI tract to a angiotensin II receptor antagonist (www.rxlist.com).

One of the diseases is diabetes mellitus which is a major cause of renal failure. This disease can be defined as an increase of fasting blood glucose that is affected by a deficiency in insulin hormone. The normal range for glucose (fasting) in the blood is 2.8-6.0 mmol/L. It is classified into two groups, type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and type 2 (non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Stein (2008, p.6) points out that kidney failure happens most often when patients have suffered from diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years. According to United States Renal Data System (USRDS) report in 2007, approximately 44% of primary causes of renal failure is diabetes mellitus in the United States in 2005. Also, Stein (2008) indicates that 15% of dialysis patients are influenced by diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom. Diabetes mellitus has negative affects throughout the kidneys where the increase of the range of blood sugar causes the damages to the cells in the kidneys. This leads to the presence of the glucose in the urine which is known as glycosuric.

Lo C, Toyama T, Hirakawa Y, Jun M, Cass A, Hawley C, Pilemore H, Badev SV, Percovic V, Zoungas S. Insuline & Glucose lowering agents for treating people with diabetics and chronic Kidney disease. Cochrane Database of systematic reviews 2015, Issue 8. Art. No. CD011798. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011798.

Diabetes Mellitus is “a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a disease which is caused by the insufficient insulin secretion or decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. It is a serious problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. The hyperglycemia is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. It’s associated with many complications which includes blindness of the eyes and amputations of the extremities. It is also associated with neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases which lead to mortalities.

Diabetes is a systemic disease caused by a decrease in the secretion of insulin or reduced sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin by target tissue. (Beale, et al., 2011) The incidence of diabetes is growing rapidly in the United States and worldwide. An estimated 347 million people around the world are afflicted with diabetes. (Whalen, et al., 2012) According to World Health Organization (WHO), Diabetes prevalence among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. It is the major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke and limbic amputation. World Health Organization (WHO) projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030. It is a complex and costly disease that can affect nearly every organ in the body and result in devastating consequences. The leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations, renal failure, and blindness in working-age adults, diabetes is also a major cause of premature mortality, stroke, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, congenital malformations, perinatal mortality, and disability. (Cefalu, 2000) Insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents have demonstrated improvement in glycaemic control. However, Insulin therapy has some disadvantages such as ineffectiveness following oral administration, short shelf life, of the need for constant refrigeration, and fatal hypoglycaemia, in the event of excess dosage.