Canagliflozin Research Paper

This article discusses the use of dulaglutide and sitagliptin in the management of type 2 diabetes. Dulaglutide is a recombinant GLP-1 Fc fusion protein, which acts by linking GLP-1 analog peptide and a variant of lgG4 Fc fragments in humans. As such, the analog of GLP-1 has posed effects and has shown elevated efficacies in the management of type 2 diabetes. The primary efficacy in the baseline of HbA was altered during the end of 52nd week. The objective of secondary efficacy included a change in HbA during the end of the 26th and 104th week. The percentage of patients achieved HbA targets ranged between 7.5% to 6.5% in a central laboratory and the body changed significantly. However, current treatment majorly focuses on increasing

Diabetes is a growing concern and health challenge for the American people (b). Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot react to insulin appropriately or either cannot produce insulin efficiently (w). “Without a properly functioning insulin signaling system, blood glucose levels become elevated and other metabolic abnormalities occur, leading to the development of serious, disabling complications” (w). There are numerous forms of diabetes amongst the nation, however, there are three main forms of diabetes. Most people have heard of type one diabetes, type two diabetes, and gestational diabetes because they are common. Type two diabetes deals with a resistance to insulin, while

Type 2 diabetes is a polygenic, complex disease that has become a worldwide health crisis. According to the World Health Organization over 422 million people in the world had this disease in 2014 (1), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention stated that in the United States alone 29 million people had diabetes in 2014 (2). While the genetic predisposition contributing to the diabetes phenotype is not fully understood to date it still remains an area of active research. There are also various environmental factors that contribute stress to the glucose homeostasis system that provide a different approach in understanding this disease. Comprehending the pathogenesis of the disease has been an area of constant research for decades. There is hope that pharmaceutical developments can follow along and find medical treatments that can target the key pathogenic elements of this disease.

Glyburide is another generic medication used in the management of diabetes mellitus type 2. Two trade names of this drug are DiaBeta and Glynase. The chemical name is 1-[ [p-[2-(5-chloro-o-anisamido) ethyl]phenyl]-sulfonyl]-3-cyclohexylurea. Doses up to 0.75-12 mg/day can be given as a single dose or divided doses. The circulation of the glyburide is that protein binding is extensive and half-life is 10 hours. It is excreted through the renal and biliary system. Glyburide acts as an oral blood glucose lowering drug. The drugs uses include binding and activating the sulfonylurea receptor 1, which causes depolarization. This results in an increase in intracellular calcium in the cells and stimulation of insulin release. Major drug interactions are noted between glyburide and

Type 2 Diabetes is often associated with obesity and insulin resistance, which prevent insulin from working effectively. Common complications include cardiovascular disease, vision damage, and kidney disease (“Type 2 diabetes”, 2017). This form of diabetes is a significant public health problem, moreover, it is estimated to affect 285 million adults worldwide. Although there are recommended guidelines to manage and prevent the complication of the disease

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (gliptins) occupy an increasing place in the armamentarium of drugs used for the management of hyperglycemia. It also offer new opportunities for a personalized medicine in patients with Type 2

Canagliflozin is an orally active, reversible, selective SGLT2 inhibitor. It acts on kidneys to reduce the renal threshold for glucose (RTG) and increase urinary glucose excretion (UGE). Canagliflozin is administered orally which gets rapidly absorbed achieving peak plasma concentrations within 1–2 h and steady state levels are reached in 4 to 5 days. It has a bioavailability of 65% and is highly protein bound (99%) mainly to albumin. Metabolism of the drug is mainly via O-glucuronidation via uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9) and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase B4 (UGT2B4) to inactive metabolites, which are renally eliminated. Generally, 60 % and 33 % of the administered dose is excreted in the feces and

Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist, which is a new antidiabetic drug that has been studied to show therapeutic benefits in non-insulin dependent diabetics and in patients with preexisted heart disease. Type 2 diabetes often leads to cardiovascular complications especially atherosclerosis which can lead to a myocardial infarction. GLP-1 receptors are widely presented in different tissues including the cardiovascular and pancreatic tissues. GLP-1 agonist performs many functions including stimulating pancreatic beta-cells to release insulin, suppressing glucagon secretion, promoting blood glucose balance, delaying gastric emptying, and decreasing appetite. Excess sugar in the blood can prevent glucose absorption into cells

The thiazolidinediones are a unique class of agents that improve the third parameter, and are therefore also called as the “Insulin sensitizers”.

Anidulafungin is a semi-synthetic echinocandin with antifungal activity. This agent is selective for fungal cells as it inhibits glucan sythase enzyme and therefore inhibits the synthesis of 1, 3 beta D glucan which is essential for the fungal cell wall. According to Micromedix anidulafungin is approved for adults and pediatrics older than 16 years to treat candida related infections. Anidulafungin is administered as a continuous IV infusion and has good efficacy against Candida species and Aspergillus species. It is suitable to be used in immuno-compromised patients, patients with azoles refractory infections and in those with renal impairment. However, this agent is not approved by the FDA to be used in pediatric population younger than 16 years; yet some limited studies have been done on this population to examine the safety and efficacy of anidualfungin; the results of these trials are promising although more studies are needed.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic that has been widely used in the treatment of several types of cancer, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, thyroid, Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, breast, soft tissue and osteogenic sarcomas, genitourinary and bronchogenic carcinomas [8, 9]. This drug interact with double helix of DNA and the anthracycline moiety in cancer cells and inhibite the replication and transcription of DNA [10]. However, the clinical use of doxorubicin is limited by accumulative dose dependent irreversible chronic cardiomyopathy, this can lead to congestive heart failure, with an ultimate mortality rate of 20-40% [11]. Therefore, sensitive determination of DOX in human fluids such as blood serum and

Glymetrol is made up of a blend of ingredients that helps in maintaining one’s glucose levels. If you visit the Glymetrol website and read other Glymetrol review, you will notice that this product openly lists its ingredients. You can see that it contains both chromium and biotin. A recent study shows that, biotin combined with chromium picolinate effectively improved blood sugar levels, and even decreased cholesterol levels in diabetes patients.

Candesartan is quickly and completely bioactivated by hydrolysis during the absorption from the GI tract to a angiotensin II receptor antagonist (www.rxlist.com).

Lo C, Toyama T, Hirakawa Y, Jun M, Cass A, Hawley C, Pilemore H, Badev SV, Percovic V, Zoungas S. Insuline & Glucose lowering agents for treating people with diabetics and chronic Kidney disease. Cochrane Database of systematic reviews 2015, Issue 8. Art. No. CD011798. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011798.

Diabetes is a systemic disease caused by a decrease in the secretion of insulin or reduced sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin by target tissue. (Beale, et al., 2011) The incidence of diabetes is growing rapidly in the United States and worldwide. An estimated 347 million people around the world are afflicted with diabetes. (Whalen, et al., 2012) According to World Health Organization (WHO), Diabetes prevalence among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. It is the major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke and limbic amputation. World Health Organization (WHO) projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030. It is a complex and costly disease that can affect nearly every organ in the body and result in devastating consequences. The leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations, renal failure, and blindness in working-age adults, diabetes is also a major cause of premature mortality, stroke, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, congenital malformations, perinatal mortality, and disability. (Cefalu, 2000) Insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents have demonstrated improvement in glycaemic control. However, Insulin therapy has some disadvantages such as ineffectiveness following oral administration, short shelf life, of the need for constant refrigeration, and fatal hypoglycaemia, in the event of excess dosage.