Canagliflozin is Used for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Melitus

This article discusses the use of dulaglutide and sitagliptin in the management of type 2 diabetes. Dulaglutide is a recombinant GLP-1 Fc fusion protein, which acts by linking GLP-1 analog peptide and a variant of lgG4 Fc fragments in humans. As such, the analog of GLP-1 has posed effects and has shown elevated efficacies in the management of type 2 diabetes. The primary efficacy in the baseline of HbA was altered during the end of 52nd week. The objective of secondary efficacy included a change in HbA during the end of the 26th and 104th week. The percentage of patients achieved HbA targets ranged between 7.5% to 6.5% in a central laboratory and the body changed significantly. However, current treatment majorly focuses on increasing

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for energy. With diabetes mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin which the body cannot keep up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015). In the united states diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people have pre-diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading cause of death in the country in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes mellitus understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and clinical manifestations will ensure a better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.

Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes; Bruce Neal, M.B., Ch.B., Ph.D., Vlado Perkovic, M.B., B.S., Ph.D., Kenneth W. Mahaffey, M.D., Dick de Zeeuw, M.D., Ph.D., Greg Fulcher, M.D., Ngozi Erondu, M.D., Ph.D., Wayne Shaw, D.S.L., Gordon Law, Ph.D., Mehul Desai, M.D., and David R. Matthews, D.Phil., B.M., B.Ch; New England Journal of Medicine

Considerable advances in the past treatment of type II diabetes include the application of lifestyle intervention and prevention efforts aimed at delaying development of glucose intolerance in order to evade diabetes and the progression of new curricula of glucose in the blood-lowering prescriptions to appendage current treatments (DeFronzo, 2010) (Mazzola, 2012). Presently, the control and maintenance of type II diabetes centres on control of glucose by the decrease of haemoglobin and glucose in the blood (DeFronzo, 2010). Current treatment strategies focus on the progression of therapeutic factors that affect the defects contributing to type II diabetes and thus, provide sustainable glucose control through a delaying of disease development

Invokana (canagliflozin) is an oral diabetic medication used to help control blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetics. Type 2 diabetes is a condition, usually with an onset in adulthood, in which the body cannot make enough insulin. Canagliflozin works with the kidneys to help get rid of glucose from the bloodstream. (drugs.com, 2015) It is suggested that with a healthy diet and adequate exercise this medication has the ability to control type 2 diabetes.

Incretins reduces gastric emptying and also inhibit glucagon release from the alpha-cells and improves the glycemic control alongside decreases the body weight and systolic blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients [26]. Risk of hypoglycemia is low due glucose-dependent mechanism of action. Thus, incretin mimetics have become an important part for treating T2DM. Incretin based drugs include DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists (Exenatide and Liraglutide).

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 is on the rise in the United States, with a new case diagnosed every 30 seconds (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, 2015). Diabetes is similarly on the rise in Africa, with an estimated 8 million cases to be diagnosed by 2025 (Mbanya,2006, p. 1628-1629). The standard of care for a diabetes patient is the same however, regardless of the continent. However due to the economic restraints of Africa, the standard of care is not feasible for most and the patient therefore suffers. This paper will demonstrate the similarities and differences between the United States and Africa in regards to type 2 diabetes. Similarly in both countries, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is on the rise. While a difference between the

SGLT2 inhibitors are the new boys on the block and they work by stopping your kidneys from reabsorbing sugar into the blood and eliminating it in the urine. These medications include Canagliflozin and Dapagliflozin. The negative side effects may be yeast and urinary tract infections along with an increase

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disease in which insulin is secreted by the pancreas in response to an increase in blood glucose levels. In T2D, the body makes insulin; however there is resistance of target tissues to insulin, leading to abnormal insulin secretion (Government of Canada, 2013). Thus, increased levels of insulin need to be produced in order to maintain normal blood glucose levels within the body (Government of Canada, 2013).With the growing epidemic of sedentary lifestyle in the Western hemisphere, there is an increasing prevalence in the number of diagnosed cases of T2D. There are many risk factors associated with T2D such as being overweight or obese, high blood pressure,

Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes; Bruce Neal, M.B., Ch.B., Ph.D., Vlado Perkovic, M.B., B.S., Ph.D., Kenneth W. Mahaffey, M.D., Dick de Zeeuw, M.D., Ph.D., Greg Fulcher, M.D., Ngozi Erondu, M.D., Ph.D., Wayne Shaw, D.S.L., Gordon Law, Ph.D., Mehul Desai, M.D., and David R. Matthews, D.Phil., B.M., B.Ch; New England Journal of Medicine

Traditional therapeutic approaches only emphasize the glycemic control of diabetes mellitus. Impaired glucose and lipid metabolism are both causative agents in the production and distribution of atherosclerosis. It is recommended that a patient’s HbA1c levels should below 6.5% and circulating blood lipids are monitored/ controlled with diet and medication. . Blood pressure control, lipid-lowering therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, and antiplatelet drugs significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular events (Beckman et. al,

The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is complex and varied. The core defects of T2DM include quantitative and qualitative β-cell dysfunction, peripheral (skeletal muscle) insulin resistance, and elevated glucose production in the liver, as well as increased lipolysis when obesity is present. However, it is now being recognized that other known mechanisms, including increased glucagon, decreased incretin effect, increased glucose reabsorption in the kidneys and some neurotransmitter dysfunction, are also involved in the pathophysiology of T2DM1. The currently available antidiabetic agents have been developed to target one or more of the underlying defects or processes involved in T2DM2. Normally, glycemic control in patients

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease which is mainly caused by the abnormalities of insulin regulation to control glucose level in the blood, thus resulting hyperglycemia [1, 2]. There are currently two major distinct types of DM, namely type-1 and type-2 diabetes. Type-1 diabetes corresponds with the inability of pancreatic hormonal glands to produce sufficient insulin to effectively regulate blood-sugar level, therefore called insulin-dependent diabetes. On the other hand, patients with type-2 diabetes are not suffered from insulin deficiency but instead, the inability of their body to fully utilise the produced insulin, hence non-insulin-dependent diabetes [1, 2].

Gallwitz, B., Kusterer, K., Hildemann, S., & Fresenius, K. (December 01, 2014). Type II diabetes and its therapy in clinical practice - results from the standardized non-interventional registry SIRTA. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 68, 12, 1442-1453.

Pharmacological interventions used to improve glucose control include both oral glucose lowering agents and injectables including glucose like peptide & insulin. Apart from insulin the choice of available pharmacological interventions to treat diabetics has expanded rapidly over the past decade. Till date, the efficacy & safety of these therapies have not been well documented in people with diabetics & CKD.