Cancer Associated Cachexia (CAC): A Case Study

Cases are defined as patients with newly and pathologically diagnosed HCC who were referred for treatment at MD Anderson Cancer Center. All participants had to be residents of the United States and could not have had a prior history of other cancers. We included all referred HCC patients with no restriction to age, sex, and race. Patients who agreed to participate in the study signed informed consent documents indicating their willingness to be personally interviewed for 45 minutes to provide detailed history of smoking, alcohol, occupational, chronic medical diseases, hormonal, and family history of cancer. Patients provided answers to detailed diet “food frequency questionnaire” prior to cancer development. They also provided blood samples for viral, biomarkers and genetic testing. All data is securely documented in password protected database. Diet questionnaire are currently being analyzed through a collaboration with Harvard University for macro- and micronutrient analysis. Upon enrollment, the complete clinical picture of HCC at the time of diagnosis (Baseline) are retrieved. Under IRB approval

CA 19-9 is a type of tumor marker for pancreatic cancer. It mostly used to help in differentiating between pancreatic cancer and other conditions which include pancreatitis, monitor, to monitor patient’s response to the treatment of pancreatic cancer or cancer progression and to watch for the recurrence of pancreatic cancer (Hui et al., 2015).

The specific metabolic disorder that I picked for this discussion is Krabbe Disease or globoid cell leukodystrophy. The disease destroys the protective coating of nerve cells in the brain and throughout the body causing the nerve cells to stop responding or react unpredictably. The disease is caused by a person receiving two copies of a mutated gene that results in severely curtailed production of an enzyme called galactocerebrosidase (GALC) (Krabbe disease, n.d.). This enzyme is responsible for breaking down certain substances in a cell's recycling center. Unfortunately, in Krabbe disease, not enough GALC was produced so the cells begin accumulating fats called galactolipids which normally are responsible for maintaining the protective coating

Mitochondrial damage is therefore a serious threat to the viability of the acinar and ductal cells, as well as the pancreas as a whole. Bile acids and ethanol metabolites, among the most common pancreatitis-inducing factors, act by causing the release of stored Ca2+ within the ER and inducing extracellular Ca2+ influx. This prolonged increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration leads to mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and decreased intracellular ATP levels. SERCA and PMCA pumps, which remove Ca2+ from the cytoplasm, require ATP to function and will become less active; further contributing to the sustained elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. This continuous overload causes mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and overall damage to the mitochondria.

The summer of July 2014 my family got devastating news that my grandfather was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Prior diagnose of pancreatic cancer his weight had dropped drastically, couldn’t keep any of his food down, and pigmentation had changed. When he came into the hospital his intestines were wrapped around his kidneys and they found a tumor in his pancreas. By August 2, 2014 my grandfather had lost the battle of pancreatic cancer. His death was slow and painful surrounded by nothing but family and friends. (3)

CACHEXIA SECONDARY TO MALNUTRITION/INFECTION : The state of ill health, malnutrition, and wasting It may occur in any chronic diseases, certain malignancies and advanced pulmonary tuberculosis. (Tabor's, 17th ed. 1989 p.287)

cardiac failure. According to King, Kingery & Casey, 2012, heart failure is a common clinical

In 1990, Pfizer was granted a new patent for an invention of a new use of sertraline and its salts for treating premature ejaculation (Bick, 1990)

Metabolism is a process in which chemicals and enzymes break down food in the digestive system to make energy. The food is converted into simple sugars, energy and amino acids with the help of the mitochondria. A body can use this energy right away or it can store the energy in tissues such as liver, muscles, and body fats. A metabolic disorder happens when something goes wrong with the metabolic process because of abnormal chemical reactions. The metabolic disorder causes some substances to be produced either too much or too little, resulting in unhealthy digestive conditions. Metabolic disorders can affect the breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, or amino acids. Metabolic disorders can also happen if an enzyme or vitamin required to carry out a chemical reaction goes missing. One of the rarest, inherited metabolic disorders is Alkaptonuria. Alkaptonuria occurs when there is a build up of homogentisic acid (HGA) that causes the urine to turn black when exposed to air. The buildup of HGA gets deposited throughout the body and usually attaches to connective tissues and cartilages

• Fats are generally a vital perhaps the most cancers diet simply because supply the system using the needed energy it takes although undergoing therapy. The amount of fatty acids (meaning the number of calories) any most cancers diet must include would depend with a mesothelioma patient’s age and also system measurement. This Nationwide Cancer Start endorses improving calorie consumption together with this kind of food since butter, dairy, mozerella, baby, sweets, granola and also dried some

In adults, they include polydipsia, polyuria, poor vision, loss of weight, fatigue, severe gum complications, burning sensations in extremities, vaginal infections in women, and erectile dysfunction in men. Among children, there is obesity, mild polyuria and skin problems such as acanthosis. Treatment of the disease includes not only drug therapy but also some lifestyle changes such as proper diet, exercise and weight management. Biochemical and physiological changes associated with type 2 diabetes are both as a result of the disease progress and therapy. Alterations in mitochondrial functions and blood vessels lead to a high number of pathologies. The disorder is linked to a high mortality rate due to complications developed such as heart disease (Barnett, 2011, 24).

Along with the nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy comes appetite loss and weight loss. Over 50% of cancer patients develop a condition called cachexia which represents a significant loss of lean body tissue. If it gets bad enough, patients can undergo IV or tube feeding. Marijuana, however, has been shown to stimulate appetite very effectively.

Abstract: With obesity and cancer being a global issue, this review will be focused on linking genistein’s ability to simultaneously treat both related diseases. Extensive studies have been done on genistein as a therapy for diabetes and obesity, but not enough has been researched in its effect on obesity-associated cancer. Obesity-linked cancer arises at a cellular level due to adipocytes’ ability to release hormones and growth factors (adipocytokines) inducing carcinogenesis. Varying levels of adipocytokines, including leptin and adiponectin, can promote the development of metabolic disorders such as cancer and diabetes. Therefore the most effective treatment is to target the molecular pathways that link obesity to cancer. Genistein is known for its anti-cancer effects and inhibition of adipocyte enlargement and differentiation. This can serve as a targeted therapeutic drug that can concurrently treat cancer and obesity. This review will cover four parts to support the promising effects of genistein: obesity and cancer, dietary anticancer agents, clinical significance, and future directions.

The advertisement I have chosen for my critique is one for ‘Durex XXL Condoms’. This ad was posted on Durex’s Facebook page back in 2012, not so long ago, and caused a lot of controversy, which sparked a reply from Daily Mail. The image portrayed is the lower half of a woman’s face with bandaids on the corners of her mouth, this implies that she had performed an oral sex act on a man with a large penis, and the result is her mouth being injured. Based on this conception I believe this advertisement is geared solely towards men, as why would women buy something geared towards harming other women? I chose to critique this because upon seeing it I was absolutely shocked and could not believe it was a legitimate advertisement from the media or the fact that this was passed. I find everything about it horrendous, degrading, and truly disgusting due to the intentional themes of gender and power roles, and the normalization of violence against women.

Within the western hemisphere, neighboring countries United States and Mexico have established an interesting relationship since their rise of independence. Within this relationship, several differences appear. These nations have had their fair share of struggles; yet both manage to coexist fairly well. When comparing both of these countries on the basis of commerce, education, and political stability the commonalities, discrepancies, and relationships become evident. As well as, the factors for the mass Mexican immigration to the United States and the harmful effects that result the country of Mexico as a whole.