Cancer Genetic Disease

In order to become cancerous a cell has many molecular changes that can occur including: tumor suppressor gene inactivation, oncogene activation, telomerase lengthening, ability to evade apoptosis, and angiogenesis (Mechanisms in Medicine, 2012). There are a few particular

When a tumor suppressor gene is effected by a mutation, it loses its control over the cell and the cell does not stop to get inspected. When this happens, the mutation is copied, the cell divides and damage is passed down to the newly formed daughter cells. The mutation then becomes permanent and the now mutated cell will continue to divide and proliferate when it normally would not.

Subsequently, each cell that develops from the fertilized egg will receive this mutated gene. He states that for a cancer to manifest, two mutations must occurs. In hereditary cancers, the person inherit one mutant gene. The second mutation occurs as result of a mitotic error during the many cell division that occurs in the person's lifetime. In sporadic cases both mutation occur in the person's lifetime. In sporadic cases both mutation occurs after fertilization an are acquired much later in life. From this Kudson conclude that hereditary cancers manifest at younger age and there is a higher incidence of multiple tumors, where sporadic cancers occur late in the life and usually only a single tumor occurs. The principal causes of cancer appears to be environmental agents. A good example of this is skin cancer. The condition has increased among fair skinned people who expose themselves to too much sunshine, while being very uncommon among dark skinned races (knudson 1971, cited in Ormiston, 1995). Therefore, most genetic alteration are acquired through our life time from environmental carcinogens with only a small percentage been inherited. However, inherited cancers are very important as it appears that the genes responsible for, hereditary cancer maybe the same as those involved in sporadic malignancies.

These genes help regulate the rate of cells being made, and help keep them healthy. When the genes are mutated and become abnormal the cell splits and makes more cells just like it. A tumor is made when a bunch of mutated cells clumped together. There are two types of tumors, a Benign tumor and a Malignant tumor. Benign tumors are not considered to be cancerous and they usually are not dangerous to your body.

Many people are affected by genetic disorders every day. Abnormalities in one’s DNA are what cause a genetic disorder. These disorders could be as little as a mutation in a single gene. In another case, they could be as severe as having an extra chromosome, or taking away a chromosome.

Nitrogenous bases can either be A, G, C, or T. These letters are significant because when they are put into certain orders, form different instructions and form different sets of rules. A stands for adenine, G stands for guanine, C stands for cytosine, and T stands for thymine. All of these nucleotides make up the double helix that is the main structure of DNA. A mutation is a natural process that changes and substitutes a DNA’s sequence of codons and bases. The order of the codons is crucial because, as stated above, directly relate to the instructions that are written for specific parts of the human. The most common form of a mutation is a single base being substituted for another. But mutations are not always negative. Mutation generates new variations that can give an individual a survival advantage (Health Sciences). A healthy gene is different from a mutated gene because a healthy gene has information that fits in the specific human body. A mutated gene is a gene that has information that is distorted, and will contribute differently during the process if creating a human. As an example, during protein synthesis, there can be point mutations, which leads to deformed red blood cells in sickle cell disease. In Tay Sachs disease, the mutated gene leads to raised toxic levels in the spinal cord and the brain (Health Sciences). Overall, the idea of the structure of DNA and the idea of mutations help to explain genetic disorders because both are involved in making

Mutations at the level of DNA are: base substitutions, base insertions, and base deletions. The missense can be caused by base substitutions and nonsense mutations in the protein which can lead to structure alterations and essentially loss of function. Also, the base substitutions can cause silent mutations where the DNA base is changed, but it has no effect on the protein coding sequence. Base insertions and deletions cause frameshift mutations which essentially change the amino acid coding sequence downstream of the mutation. This will affect

A mutation is a change made to the sequence of a base in the DNA. This change occurs mainly in the chromosomes or nucleotides; however, mutations that occur in a egg or sperm cell are the cause of generic variation. This mutation can be inherited by offspring.

A mutation is a change or error in an organism’s DNA, while the organism is still developing. The DNA that is replicated is not functional, so the cells follow the wrong set of instructions, which prevents the organism from developing normally. Cells that follow the wrong set of instructions, often leads the organism to growing an extra limb, or the organism may develop a disease/disorder. Some mutations can cause an organism to be missing an important protein. The organism’s proteins are important, they make up mostly the whole organism’s body. Parents with mutations usually pass down their genes to their offspring. Mutations are usually genetic. Environment also plays a role in causing mutations, smoking, sunlight, and radiation are mostly

Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of the gene. A mutation may produce

Genetic mutations are lifelong variances in DNA sequences. The majority of disease-causing gene mutations are unusual in the overall population. The two major classifications of gene mutations are germinal and somatic mutations. Germinal mutations are immediately inherited from a parent, and they will affect every single cell. If the DNA from the sperm or egg cell contains a mutation, the resulting fertilized egg also inherits the mutation. Somatic mutations occur by environmental factors or when an error appears during DNA replication. Unlike germinal mutations, a somatic mutation only affects the mutated cells. Mutations typically have a negative connotation; however, they are not always harmful,

Mutation is a change in the DNA of a cell, which may be passed on to offspring if it is a germ line cell. Mutation in bacteria reproduces faster than in human. When the mutation occurs the DNA will be different. Therefore, the medication that is used to treat bacteria may not work because the bacteria are different.

A Mutation is a permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements. The DNA gets changed which changes the hereditary material of life. Some mutations don't have any noticeable on the phenotype of an organism. Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful for the organism but mutations do not try to supply what the organism needs. A single mutation can have a strong negative effect for the organism. I don't think that I have any mutations. But I had a retarded dog so I guess that is some sort of brain mutation with it or something.

Other types of mutations are insertion or deletions and gross rearrangements of chromosome structure which cause more severe changes in DNA. These mutations are caused, for example, by the insertion of a transposon (jumping elements), which can add many thousands of nucleotides of foreign DNA in the coding or regulatory region of a gene or by abnormal cellular recombination processes.

Much of how the human body operates is due purely to one’s genetic disposition. This is due to the way proteins are produced. In protein production, DNA is read three base pairs at a time making up for a codon which codes for a specific amino acid. These amino acids are produced in translation, and they will be strung together by something called tRNA to make full proteins. In DNA replication, there are many factors that determine the efficiency and effectiveness of what product is achieved and how it functions. When base pairs are incorrect, are deleted, or extra pairs inserted, what is called a mutation occurs. Mutations often times change the structure of a protein, how it performs, or what protein is produced altogether. They can