Cancer

tissue can be removed and examined, or an x-ray to examine for pulmonary edema, fluid

Biopsy of the tumor. This is when a sample of the tumor is removed with a needle and studied.

Once the biopsy is obtained rom the surgeon, aseptic technique should be used in order to minimize any contamination of the specimen. Since the tissue being extracted form the body, time will be of an essence due to the live tissue dying as time goes on. The tumor cells will be looked at under a microscope in order to determine weather a patient has

-Needle biopsy {the doctor locations a special connect into the pleura to take types of the development which is taken to the lab to see under the microscope} of the pleura is a must.

Lung ultrasonography is a fast, non-expensive, widely available bed-side diagnostic tool which is useful for quick and early diagnosis of respiratory diseases.

The physician can obtain Bone marrow samples through bone marrow aspiration and biopsy checks that are often done simultaneously. The samples are obtained from the pelvic back bone or from the sternum or breastbone. An aspiration and biopsy are used in helping to diagnose leukemia. The process can be repeated to determine if the illness is responding to treatment. Routine examination under a microscope is majorly important to determine what the proportion of cells present in the bone marrow are blasts. A diagnosis of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia generally necessitates that at least thirty or twenty percent of the total cells in the bone marrow are blasts. Normally, blasts are rarely over five percent of bone marrow cells.

If Lung Cancer is suspected a few other tests can be used in conjunction to make a final determination of lung cancer

• A complete blood count (CBC). This test measures all the types of blood cells in your body.

A doctor can diagnose lung cancer through many tests. The doctor can have x-rays and CAT scans done to see what the inside of the lungs look like. By doing this that doctor is able to see what stage the cancer is in. A doctor may also do a test called a bronchoscope. This test allows the doctor to look inside the bronchial tubes and biopsy the tumor. The doctor then can take a small amount of the cells to study them to determine if the unusual cells are cancerous. If the cells turn out to be cancerous then the patient is in for many months even years of harsh treatment.

•Transvenous biopsy involves making a small incision in the neck and inserting a needle through a hollow tube called a sheath through the jugular vein to the liver.

Among currently available bronchoscopic diagnostic procedures, EBUS-TBNA is an increasingly used diagnostic procedure for patients in whom tissue verification of intrathoracic lymph nodes is indicated for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. The technology of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration places a small ultrasound probe in the front of a traditional bronchoscope, and uses the special aspiration needle to undergo the biopsy under the guidance of real-time ultrasound images. On the account of color Doppler, ultrasound images offered by ultrasonic probe, the doctors can clearly distinguish the location, size and shape of a lesions or lymph nodes, the relations of surrounding tissues and blood vessels, and sometimes they can roughly

(American Cancer Society, 2014). There are tests to examine the bone marrow and blood cells to see if leukemia is present in the body. (National Cancer Institute, 2015). The tests include physical exams, complete blood counts, peripheral blood smears, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, cytogenetic analysis, immunophenotyping, and the reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction test. (National Cancer Institute, 2015). Physical exams should be done frequently to check for lumps and anything that is unusual with the body. (National Cancer Institute, 2015). A complete blood count is where blood is drawn and the number of red and white blood cells, and hemoglobin is checked; a peripheral blood smear is similar to a complete blood count, but blast cells are also checked with the number of platelets and the shape of blood cells. (National Cancer Institute, 2015). The bone marrow aspiration/biopsy is where the bone marrow, blood, and part of the bone is taken to check to see if there is cancer; a needle is put into the hipbone or breastbone to remove samples for pathologists to look at. (National Cancer Institute, 2015). Cytogenetic analysis and immunophenotyping are where the chromosomes are checked for changes and normal cells are compared to cancerous cells in the immune system.(National

According to the American Cancer Society, the survival rates are 96 percent regionally. (SEER) data base 2003-2009.

Lung cancer has a high mortality rate throughout the world due to the late recognition of the disease in patients (1). The major cause of lung cancer is cigarette smoking,

A cancer tumor often produces a specific protein in the blood that serves as a marker for the cancer. Circulating tumor cells are cells that break off from the cancer and move into the blood stream. Protein markers and circulating tumor cells can be measured with simple blood tests. This method is not specific in nature as one marker may be common for multiple types of cancer. Hence, other tests are performed to confirm the diagnosis of breast cancer.