Cancer Results From Abnormal, Unregulated Cell Growth

What are lung cancers? Lung cancers are the abnormal cells which grow in uncontrolled manner in one or both lungs. They do not function as normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung tissue. The abnormal cells can grow, form tumours and interfere with the normal functions of the lung (Lungcancer.org, 2015). Lung cancers can be divided into two major types, namely non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC can be further classified into three main subtypes, namely adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma and large-cell carcinoma (Longo & Harrison, 2012). Lung cancers can be diagnosed by chest X-ray, computerised tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography-computerised tomography (PET-CT) scan, bronchoscopy and biopsy (Nhs.uk, 2015). Unfortunately, lung cancers are often diagnosed at the later stages. This is due to the unrecognisable symptoms and warning signs at the earlier stages. NSCLC are often diagnosed at stage IV which accounts for 30-40% of cases whereas 60% of SCLC is diagnosed at stage IV. Lung cancer usually originates from the cells lining the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Carcinogens especially tobacco smoke will alter the gene expression of the normal human lung cells, resulting in cell mutation. The proto-oncogenes will be converted to mutated form, oncogenes. Mutation leads to the decreased expression of the tumour suppressor genes. This results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, cell

In America, there are many studies on the relationship between tobacco use and cancer that was conducted. These studies estimate that about a third of cancer deaths related to tobacco use. Tobacco causes approximately 90% of all deaths from lung cancer and smoking also causes cancer in many other parts of the body like pharynx, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, uterus, cervix, kidney, bladder, colon and rectum. To reduce the risk of tobacco-related diseases, the health educators may find information on the Web site “http://www.nobutts.org” to give their audiences necessary information to help them quit smoking.

Cigarettes don’t only cause lung cancers but can also cause other problems to the heart and blood vessels. Some other cancers associated with smoking include larynx, esophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach, and some other organs.

Cancer is defined as a disease caused by an uncontrollable division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. Cancer can be caused by many variables in one’s environment and the variables that are more likely to cause cancer are often referred to carcinogens. Carcinogens are harmful factors that can increase one’s chance of developing a form of cancer. Carcinogens can be anything from ultra violet rays to dust particles from wood; tobacco is one of the most well-known carcinogens because it increases one’s chances of developing lung cancer by a stagger amount. The reason tobacco has the ability to make such an impact is because tobacco contains more than 70 carcinogens altogether. When it comes down to it, the carcinogens are all working together

Most scientists believe nicotine alone, being very addictive, is not what causes cancer for smokers or for the

Lung cancer can be caused by multiple factors and many factors can work together to cause someone to have lung cancer. Besides smoking, radon, secondhand smoke, the environment and someone’s occupation can all cause lung cancer. As we already know smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer cases worldwide and over forty-three million people just in the United States smoke cigarettes. There are more than fifty chemicals in tobacco smoke that are ingested each time someone smokes. Some of these chemicals include benzene (which can be found in pesticides and gasoline), Formaldehyde (which preserve dead bodies), pesticides (which are found on lawns and gardens) and Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (Martin, 2012). When a person inhales the chemicals in cigarettes, they inhale thousands of poisons, toxic metals, and

Squamous Cell Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) occurs in about 30% of all Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer cases. (Khan Academy Medicine, 2012) There are two main features of squamous cell NSCLC that distinguish it from adenocarcinoma and large cell NSCLC. Squamous cells contain keratin within the cell and are connected to each other by desmosomes (Khan Academy Medicine, 2012). Squamous cell NSCLC is most commonly found in male smokers who have a cough, airway obstruction, Hilar-adenopathy, mediastinal widening with chest x-rays, and Hypercalcemia (Harold, J. Bruyere, 2009).

Although many people have heard about lung cancer, they don't know that there are two major types of lung cancer. The types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC breaks down into three different types and approximately makes up 85-90% of the cancers that patients are diagnosed with. The first type of NSCLC is adenocarcinoma. This type of cancer is usually found in smokers however it is the most common lung cancer found in nonsmokers. This cancer typically attacks younger adults and targets women. This cancer tends to develop on the outside layers of the lungs and it can be found before it spreads throughout the body. The second type of NSCLC is squamous cell carcinoma. This cancer is linked to smoking and forms in the inner airways of

If the balance of cell growth is disturbed, a tumor may form. According to medlineplus.gov,”tobacco causes more deaths from cancer than any other environmental substance” (https://medlineplus.gov). So tobacco can be a main cause of malignant tumors. Other possible causes could be problems with the body’s immune system, environmental toxins, obesity, viruses, genetic problems, and drinking too much alcohol.

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death not only in the United States of America but globally.1 According to the World Health Organization 8.2 million deaths in 2012 were cancer related and of those deaths, 1.59 million were due specifically to lung cancer.2 In 2014, there was a staggering 224,210 new reported cases of lung cancer in the United States alone. The 5-year relative survival has a 49% to 2% variability depending on the type of lung cancer, stage, and location. The two major types of lung cancer are Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCL), which consists of 85% lung cancers, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which makes up the other 15% of lung cancers. NSCL is an epithelial lung cancer that is histologically comprised of adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.1 Both NSCL and SCLC are insidious in nature and the presentation will usually be vague or nonspecific and include the following symptoms: cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, weight loss, recurrent infections, coughing up blood, hoarseness, and wheezing.

When we talk about smokers at a young age, they are more susceptible to mutations in stomach cells or other digestive organs. The danger of smoking is more synonymous with problems in the lungs, but it turns out that smoking can also damage the digestive system and stomach. Nicotine levels in tobacco range from 1% - 4%, so in a single cigarette there is about 1.1 mg of nicotine. In addition to containing nicotine, tobacco cigarettes also contain other organic substances and various additives (addictive substances). Cigarettes can cause a variety of health problems not only related to respiratory tract only and even more dangerous, such as tongue cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and stomach cancer!

Nicotine can undergo chemical conversions into NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and NNN during the process of curing or smoking. Theses are Nitrosamines which are carcinogenic to humans having the capability of activating various signaling pathways facilitating cancer cell growth through receptor-mediated effects as they activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and β-adrenergic receptors (β-AdrRs) , angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels for tumors to grow), migration, and invasion . The nitrosamines can cause DNA adductions and

Lung cancer takes the lives of many at a young age and the cause isn’t always clear as of how this disease was contracted. The most popular idea of what causes lung cancer since early times has been using tobacco. Tobacco contains nicotine which is a highly addictive drug that gives a temporary feeling of relaxation. When people get addicted to nicotine, it becomes incredibly difficult for the victims to stop smoking. According to Brody, Lung cancer has been shown to take the lives of more people compared to any other form of cancer and this is the case since lung cancer is associated with life style. New information regarding lung cancer has shown that about one-fourth of those victims who are diagnosed didn’t obtain it through first hand smoking. People can obtain this illness through an “unlucky” combination of genetics (Brody).

Many of the cancers besides lung cancer may develop as a result of cigarette smoking. One example is cancer of the larynx. Sometimes the larynx has to be removed because of the presence of a tumor, forcing the smoker to breathe through a surgical opening in the wind pipe. Because the larynx is located near the voice box, the voice box will often get destroyed from the tumor on the larynx, forcing the smoker to use an artificial voice box in order to speak. Less major cancers including cancers of the cheeks, gums, lips, tongue, esophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas may also arise.

Cigars and cigarettes are made up of dried tobacco leaves that have added ingredients to make smoking more pleasant. Tobacco contains more than 7,000 chemicals, 70 of which are known to cause cancer which are called carcinogens. Cancer will develop over time if you’re constantly allowing your body to be exposed to these harsh chemicals, the process of how cancer develops is “(1) the exposure to carcinogens (cancer-causing substances), (2) the formation of covalent bonds between the carcinogens and DNA (DNA adduct formation), and (3) the resulting accumulation of permanent somatic mutations in critical genes (genes appear in italics). Somatic mutations lead to clonal outgrowth and, through accumulation of additional mutations, to development of cancer” (Cancer).