Cancer : The Leading Cause Death Of The World Essay

What are lung cancers? Lung cancers are the abnormal cells which grow in uncontrolled manner in one or both lungs. They do not function as normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung tissue. The abnormal cells can grow, form tumours and interfere with the normal functions of the lung (Lungcancer.org, 2015). Lung cancers can be divided into two major types, namely non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC can be further classified into three main subtypes, namely adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma and large-cell carcinoma (Longo & Harrison, 2012). Lung cancers can be diagnosed by chest X-ray, computerised tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography-computerised tomography (PET-CT) scan, bronchoscopy and biopsy (Nhs.uk, 2015). Unfortunately, lung cancers are often diagnosed at the later stages. This is due to the unrecognisable symptoms and warning signs at the earlier stages. NSCLC are often diagnosed at stage IV which accounts for 30-40% of cases whereas 60% of SCLC is diagnosed at stage IV. Lung cancer usually originates from the cells lining the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Carcinogens especially tobacco smoke will alter the gene expression of the normal human lung cells, resulting in cell mutation. The proto-oncogenes will be converted to mutated form, oncogenes. Mutation leads to the decreased expression of the tumour suppressor genes. This results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, cell

It is now acknowledged that NSCLC is not a singular pathogen but is in fact multiple pathologies with unique molecular signatures that we are only beginning to understand and unravel . Widely speaking, the main subtypes are pulmonary adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and large cell carcinoma. This distinction alone allows for a more tailored selection of cytotoxic chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC without a controller mutation, as seen with enhanced efficacy with pemetrexed in adenocarcinoma or the toxicity concerns of bevacizumab in patients with squamous histology .

Lung Cancer is a disease which consists of uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues. Lung cancer consists of two types, Non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer. (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. The bronchi are the large air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs that convey air to and from the lungs, and where most lung cancers begin. The body normally maintains cell growth only

Although many people have heard about lung cancer, they don't know that there are two major types of lung cancer. The types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC breaks down into three different types and approximately makes up 85-90% of the cancers that patients are diagnosed with. The first type of NSCLC is adenocarcinoma. This type of cancer is usually found in smokers however it is the most common lung cancer found in nonsmokers. This cancer typically attacks younger adults and targets women. This cancer tends to develop on the outside layers of the lungs and it can be found before it spreads throughout the body. The second type of NSCLC is squamous cell carcinoma. This cancer is linked to smoking and forms in the inner airways of

Cancer, it can affect anyone; it can affect any part of the body but what is it? Cancer results from the abnormality in the body's cells. This occurs when the cells divided and grow. Disruption in the system of the growth and division of a cell results in an uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells that form a mass which leads to cancer. The patient outcome for cancer is different for everyone, but it is also different with each type. In the respiratory department, a major type of cancer we will deal with is lung cancer. Lung cancer, however, has different types and stages, but for this paper, we are going to talk about Stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the article titled “Stage IIIA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer” it states

Cancer is the leading cause of death in economically developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries. Based on the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates, about 12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths are estimated to have occurred in 2008. The leading cause of cancer mortality in females is breast cancer, accounting for 23% followed by lung cancer and cervical cancer accounting for 11% respectively. Furthermore, estimates show that, the leading cause of cancer mortality in males is lung cancer accounting for 17% of the total new cancer cases and 23% in total cancer deaths. [2].

With more than 1.61 million cases recognized annually lung carcinoma is that the leading cause behind cancer connected loss of life among men and second main cause in the back of loss of life in women worldwide [Jemal et al., 2011]. Morphologically the lung cancer is divided into small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and adenocarcinoma (AC), with non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) accounting for 80% of all cases. [Brambilla et al., 2001]. The medical accomplishment in two decades has provided least effect on the treatment of the most cancers, the overall five year survival rate of NSCLC is roughly 15%.

Bronchogenic carcinoma accounts for over 95% of all primary lung tumours[53]. It is the leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and women worldwide accounting for approximately 27% of all cancer deaths[54]. This carcinoma is broadly divided into small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Histologically, NSCLC is sub classified

When someone says the word “disease” or “illness” the most common association with these words are Cancer. Cancer is so frighteningly common that it is expected by The American Cancer Society to have 564,800 people die of cancer this year which is a little more than 1,500 people a day. Cancer is the second leading cause of death. With these statistics to back up Cancer one will see walks supporting cancer, media discussing possible new found cures, nfl football players wearing pink to support breast cancer awareness, the Susan G. Komen foundation and so many other big foundations raising millions of dollars towards a cure. Where are the walks or large foundations to raise awareness of diseases for psychosis such as Schizophrenia? Schizophrenia

It is wise, however, to have a doctor monitor the tumor over at least a two-years period in order to note any changes that might indicate the presence of cancer. Also, a biopsy or surgical removal of a tumor may be needed when the patient is a smoker, the patient has difficulty breathing, or other troubling symptoms, tests show that the cancer could be present, and the nodule continue to grow. The malignant lung cancer is divided into non- small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, and lung carcinoid tumor. First, the non- small lung cancer is A group of lung cancers that are named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look under a microscope. The cancer cells of each type grow and spread in different ways. The three main types of non-small cell lung cancer are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common kind of lung cancer. The first type of the non- small cell cancer is squamous cell carcinoma About 25% to 30% of all lung cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. These cancers start in early versions of squamous cells, which are flat cells that line the inside of the airways in the lungs. They are often linked to a history of smoking and tend to be found in the central part of the lungs, near a main airway (bronchus). The second type is larger cell carcinoma this type accounts for about 10% to 15% of lung cancers. It can appear in any part of the lung. It tends to grow and spread quickly, which can make it harder to treat. A subtype of large cell carcinoma, known as large cell, neuroendocrine carcinoma, is a fast-growing cancer that is very similar to small cell lung cancer. The third type of non- small cell lung cancer is adenocarcinoma about 40% of lung cancers are adenocarcinomas. that begins in the cells that line the alveoli and make substances such as

Affecting more than 85% of lung cancer patients, there are more subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), smoking causes about 90% of the lung cancers diagnosed. The risk mainly depends on how often and how much you smoked. Breathing in secondhand smoke raises the risk for developing lung cancer. Research shows that smoking marijuana may help the cancer cells grow even more. However, there is no direct link between smoking marijuana and developing lung cancer. Being constantly exposed to high levels of air pollution and drinking water that contains a high level of arsenic can increase your risk for lung cancer. Also, a history of radiation therapy to the lungs increases your risk for lung cancer (NLM). Early lung cancer may not show any symptoms, but some are: chest pain, cough that does not go away, coughing up blood, fatigue, shortness of breath, and wheezing. In later stages of NSCLC is: bone pain or tenderness (NLM). 39% of NSCLC occur in the small intestine. Obviously, non-small cell cancer mainly occurs in the digestive system and intestinal tracts of humans

In this text I will be talking about SCLC(small cell lung cancer) and not NSCLC (non small cell lung cancer), the two main lung cancers. (according to www.lung.org) SCLC makes up 20% of all lung cancer cases and most associated with smoking. NSCLC makes up the other 80% of lung cancer cases but does not spread as fast as SCLC. NSCLC Comprises of: Adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma,Large cell carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma is predominantly present in male smokers, however its occurrence in women, non-smokers, and young patients (below age 40) has been increasing (3). Consequently, genetic alterations / mutations that may be targeted to treat adenocarcinoma are being highly studied, which include: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Anaplastic Lymphoma Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (ALK), Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 (TTF1), Napsin A, and more (4). The EGFR mutations are most significantly associated with adenocarcinomas, specifically deletions in Exon 19, and / or point mutations in Exon 21 (5). Similarly, almost 5% of NSCLCs are associated with rearrangements in the ALK gene, resulting in abnormal protein expression that cause highly proliferating cells (6).

Lung cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer, across the globe. More deaths are reported from lung cancer than that from breast, colon or prostate combined (2). Around 80% of lung cancers are determined to be non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 65% of those patients have advanced or metastatic disease when discovered (11). Research has shown that early diagnosis and accurate staging is the cornerstone for improving survival of patients with lung cancer. Treatment options depend on the severity of the disease, making accurate staging a priority (7).

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents 85% of lung cancer case1,2. Due to metastasis and other individual conditions, only 30% of the patients are able to go for a surgery, the best regarded treatment method2. Others predominately use tradition chemo- and radio-based therapeutic methods, which held poor treatment outcome with only 15% of the patient lives longer than 5 years1. However, since the establishment of RNAi therapy in 1998, the efficacy of RNAi on tumour activity related genes was intensively studied and some research trials has shown potential effects in treating NSCLC by this method1-3.