Cancer : The Most Important Causes And Complications Of Breast Cancer

Results showed that VeriStrat® testing was able to identify a group of patients who have worse progression free survival (PFS) when treated with Femara alone, independent of Her2 status.

Some of traditional drugs may be effective in patients whose cancers have a specific molecular target, and not for other patients. To solve this problem of patient-specificity, pharmaceutical research have seen the expansion of individually tailored cancer treatment, which is an application of targeted therapy, and this is where biopharmaceuticals are. As an increasing part of the population is diagnosed with cancer and as these patients live longer, increasing care will be given to patients who have received these drugs. Moreover, in the case of cancer therapy, those drugs and especially with mABs are a promise of less side effects : recombinant DNA technology makes it possible to genetically engineer an antibody to reduce the risk of host immune response.

An effective breast cancer treatment in some women can be traced to the root of the disease. Some of the most aggressive form of breast cancers are caused by a transmembrane receptor protein known as Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) which is a member of the HER family of receptor tyrosine kinase. Approximately 20,000 HER2 receptor are normally expressed on surface of healthy breast cell however, in about 25% of breast cancer cells the HER2 protein is overexpressed resulting in tumour cells with as many as over 2 million receptors present on their surface. This cancer is known as HER2 positive (HER2+). The effect of HER2 overexpression is an increase in receptor mediated intracellular signalling causing the cell

Many doctors, physicians, researchers and biotech companies--including the revolutionary Seattle Genetics research facility--are now turning to antibody-assisted cancer treatments and precisely targeted cures instead of treating cancer with a cocktail of chemicals and radiation that generate risky side effects and damage the healthy tissue that patients need to recover. Cancers are among the most frightening and difficult-to-treat illnesses. Ranked as the leading cause of death and disability, cancer is actually an umbrella term that covers many different diseases. Each person faces a unique disease because cancers interact with the body's existing cells, so each case has a

As the cells change, it begins to divide rapidly causing a tumor to form. The term “breast cancer” refers to a malignant tumor that has developed from cells in the breast. Breast cancer can begin in different areas of the breast, or in some cases, the tissues in between. There are many different types of breast cancer, including non-invasive, invasive, recurrent, metastatic breast cancer, as well as the intrinsic or molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in around 20-30% of breast cancer tumors. It is associated with a more aggressive disease, higher recurrence rate, and increased mortality.

HER2 is an oncogenic growth factor receptor, which belongs in the human epidermal growth factor receptor family. HER2 exists in

Oncogenes were discovered in the 1960s, when it was discovered that some animal cancers such as lymphomas were caused by viruses. Some of these viruses were notable due to the simplicity of their RNA genome. These viruses only had three distinct transcription units, involved in the replication of the virus (coat proteins and reverse transcriptase etc.), and an extra gene. This was an oncogene. When oncogenes are properly functioning they are termed proto-oncogenes (Todd R, 1999). Their normal function is to control cell proliferation. These function in growth signalling pathways, and conversely to tumour suppressing cells are activated through a gain in function rather than a loss of it. This occurs in two ways, by producing more of a product, or producing a subtly different product, as a result of a mutation similar to tumour suppressor genes (Croce, 2008). Oncogenes play a particularly strong role in the development of breast cancers. Often the normal ERBB2 and other related genes are amplified in late stage neuroblastomas and rhabdomyosarcomas. ERBB2 encodes HER2 which is a member of the epidermal growth factor

Breast cancer (BRCA) is associated with the highest mortality rate of any type of cancer besides that of the lung (American Cancer Society, 2013). BRCA occurs most commonly in women over the age of 40, with an estimated global incidence of 1.6 million cases in 2010. An estimated 39,000 women died from BRCA alone in 2013 (American Cancer Society, 2013). BRCA is responsible for the largest portion of spending on cancer-related care in the United States; an estimated $16.5 billion of cancer-related spending went towards BRCA in 2010 (Mariotto, Robin Yabroff, Shao, Feuer, & Brown, 2011). Although the prevalence, mortality, and costs associated with BRCA are quite high, recent advances in screening and treatment have increased long term

There are many different abnormal cells that occur in breast cancer patients, but some of the most common are interleukins. In normal patients, IL-2 cells cause proliferation of the T cells as well as differentiation of cytostatic T-lymphocytes, but in breast cancer patients the abnormal cell interferes will cell mediated immunity response. IL-6 cells are fibroblasts, macrophages and lymphocytes, but in cancer patients they promote tumor growth by upregulating antiapoptotic and angiogenic proteins in the tumor cells. IL-8 cells are a key factor in the inflammatory response, but in breast cancer

In vitro: Co-treatment with BEZ235 (10 μM) enhanced the tumor cell-killing effect of olaparib in BRCA1-negative breast cancer cells [4]. BEZ235 (25 - 800 nM) significantly inhibited the proliferation of HER2-postive gastric cancer cells and induced

HER2 status. Logistic and ordinal regression analyses in addition to likelihood ratio test were used to explore

Breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease caused by both genetic and non-genetic risk factors. These factors include, mutations in breast cancer-associated genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2) [1]; loss or aberrant expression of the estrogen receptor (ER) [2]; human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) overexpression [3] ; lack of ER, progesterone receptor (PR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression[4] ; high levels of receptor for the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R[5]; and expression of microRNA (miRNA) [6]. In addition to genetic alterations (gene amplifications, deletions, point mutations, and chromosome rearrangements), epigenetic changes (methylation and/or acetylation) of the genome play an important role in breast carcinogenesis. For example, methylation of RASSF1A, BRCA1, and estrogen receptor α (ERα) is associated with breast tumorigenesis and metastasis [7]. The inactivation of tumor suppressor proteins that lead to tumor cell growth and survival are another mechanism of breast cancer development [8]. These genes are inactivated by a variety of mechanisms, including chromosomal deletions, intragenic mutations, proteolysis, and loss of epigenetic modifications [9]. The best-characterized tumor suppressor protein is p53. In breast cancer, p53 mutation or downregulation is associated with an adverse prognosis [10]. Other tumor suppressor proteins in breast cancer include PTEN [11], p16[12], the retinoblastoma gene[13], and

Breast cancer continues to be the leading cause of death for middle aged women. In the past year, there were over 194,000 new cases of breast cancer in the U.S., approximately 20% of which did not access treatment in time despite the availability of educational resources. Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in a female or male’s breast cells. Though the condition is not gender specific, it is most prevalent in middle aged to older women. It’s malignant foundation causes it to also conquer surrounding tissues if left untreated. The proximity of breasts to the heart and lungs is the predominant cause of the fatalities associated with breast cancer. It is informaly hereditary, as your risk of developing cancer is doubled by the

Finding a way to restore the function of the Histocompatibility Complex genome so that it can activate antibodies such as β2-microglobulin (β2-m) to kill the tumour should be an area focused on because it can then be introduced into one infected Devil that can bite others and so the genome is passed on. (Siddle H et.al 2012)

Cancer is the uncontrollable division and growth of abnormal cells resulting in formation of an aggressive tumour. In some forms of Breast cancer, the cells proliferate uncontrollably due to over-expression of the protein HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2); a receptor embedded within the membrane of cells, allowing for the transfer of signals outside to inside the cell. Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody administered through intravenous infusion, to be taken on its own or in combination with one or more chemotherapy regimens. It reduces risk of the cancer reoccurring or spreading by inhibiting the effects of HER2, and enhancing the body’s immune system.