Cancer Of Cervix Essay

This year alone approximately 12,360 documented new cases of cervical cancer in the United States and 4,020 deaths according to National Cancer Institute (“Cervical Cancer”, 2014). Cervical cancer is a slow growing cancer that grows in the tissues of the cervix (an organ that connects the uterus and vagina). The disease is predominantly caused by the human papillomavirus infection (HPV). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the HPV virus is so common that nearly all sexually active women and men get it at some point in their lives. Many types of HPV exist, some causing genital warts and potentially cervical cancer. Individuals can get HPV by having unprotected genital to genital touching, oral, vaginal, or anal sex. Anyone who is sexually active can get HPV, and can develop symptoms years after they had sex with someone who is infected, making it difficult to know when they first became infected.

If cervical cancer is found treatment will be dependent on the type of cervical cancer and the stage of the cancer. There is a surgical treatment which is where the cancerous tissue is removed, such as by a hysterectomy, Chemotherapy to slow down or stop the growth of cancer cells. Lastly, there is radiation treatment to kill the cells and control the spreading of the cancer. These options can be used independently or altogether. There are constantly new treatments becoming available and sometimes a patient can be able to become part of this new treatment through clinical trials. The second test which can be done concurrently with the Pap test is the HPV test.

In US cervical cancer is ranked 13th most common cancer in women and 4th among women between 15 to 44 years.

Beginning since 2012, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has reduced the frequency for Cervical Cancer Screenings, and begins to continue with reducing recommendation as described in Kaiser’s article “Prevention Experts Propose Easing Advice on Number of Cervical Cancer Screenings.” This reduction came in 2013, 11,955 women were diagnosed with Cervical Cancer (Fowler, Saraiya, Moskosky, Miller, Gable & Mautone-Smith, 2017). The determination of which testing, Pap Smear or HPV Co- Testing, is based on the patient education, and future desire of pregnancy. Predominantly most cervical cancers are due to the lack of screening (Andrews, 2017). A plan based on education and notification would be more beneficial than a continued over

uterine tumour. Cytological test of uterine cervix was negative and that of the endometrium was not possible. Magnetic resonance

As many as 1,400 women in Canada are diagnosed with cancer of the cervix each year. More than 400 die from it (Mah et al, 2011).

Ovarian cancer is less common, with a projected 22, 440 new cases. However, it carries a much higher mortality rate.

According to the American Cancer Society (ACS) cervical cancer incidence rate among Hispanic women residing in the United States, is about 60% higher than among non-Hispanic white women. A geographic analysis in the United States found that, Hispanic women experience the highest cervical cancer incidence rates of any racial/ethnic group in every region; the highest rates were found among Hispanic women in the Midwest, likely due to large numbers of new immigrants in this region (ACS, 2016). This paper will briefly analyze the most relevant literature related to the incidence of cervical cancer the relationship with Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination rates among Hispanic women.

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in a woman’s cervix, which is the entrance to the uterus through the vagina. There are glandular cells lining the inside of the cervix and they produce mucus. The cervix is covered with a layer of skin-like cells on the other surface, called ‘ectocervix. These cells of the ectocervix and glandular cells can become cancerous, by malignant tumours from cells that are able to invade the surrounding tissue and organs causing serious damage to it, by abnormal cell growth and tumour in the area. The area of the cervix that is most likely to be prone to cancer, is the opening area of the cervix or space within the cervix called the ‘endocervical canal’. This area is the narrow passage way which gives

Cervical cancer happens when abnormal cells uncontrollably grow in the cervix. The cervix which is the bottom part of the uterus that opens into the entrance of the vagina. Cervical cancer is not common among young adults but it is one of the most leading cancers that affect women worldwide.

Cervical cancer is a major public health problem in Fiji and internationally as well, especially in developing countries where it is the most common cancer in women. Developing countries endure an uneven burden of the disease, experiencing age-standardised mortality rate that are twice those experienced in developed countries.

The leading cause of cancer in all women is breast cancer. The risk for breast cancer increases over the age of 30 years old, although yearly mammograms are not recommended until over the age of 40 years old. Women should also have a yearly breast exam by a healthcare provider every year. Women should also have a pap smear to check for cervical cancer. Factors that put women at a higher risk for cervical cancer include (Medline Plus,

Likewise, Jennifer et al. (2004) and Nancy et al. (2013) agree that cervical cancer and breast cancer continue to be prevalent in Appalachian Kentucky as a result of personal behavioral choices of the residents which include alcohol consumption and sedentary lifestyle. Failure to afford health care makes it almost impossible for Appalachian women to undertake cancer screening. In rural Kentucky, it has been observed that there is a shortage of medical equipment to properly provide women with the much needed cancer care. This is not only discouraging women to visit clinics, but it also discourages them from relying on technology for health literacy, information on disease control, and prevention (Jennifer et al, 2004).

Cervical cancer is one type of cancer happening from the cervix due to abnormal growth of cells. There are many reasons to cause cervical cancer. One of them is that the abnormal cells from other parts of body are able to invade or spread to the cervix and cause the abnormal growth. Unfortunately, in early stage, typically no symptoms are seen, and later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or pain during sexual intercourse. What’s more, when bleeding after sex, it also may indicate the presence of cervical cancer.7

Three separate randomized controlled trials for cervical screening have been conducted among Indian women of the